Chithandizo cha Pressure Oxidation cha Cyanide - chokhala ndi Madzi Otayira mu Kusungunula Golide

Introduction

Mu Kusungunula Golide mafakitale, njira ya cyanidation ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochotsa golide. Komabe, njirayi imapanga ndalama zambiri cyanide-okhala ndi madzi oipa. Ma cyanides omwe ali m'madzi otayidwa ndi owopsa kwambiri, ndipo ngati atayidwa mwachindunji popanda chithandizo choyenera, amatha kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu ku chilengedwe komanso thanzi la anthu. Choncho, chitukuko cha kothandiza ndi chilengedwe wochezeka Madzi a Cyanide ukadaulo wamankhwala wakhala chinsinsi cha chitukuko chokhazikika chamakampani osungunula golide. Monga njira yapamwamba yochizira madzi akuwonongeka, ukadaulo waukadaulo wa oxidation woponderezedwa ukuwonetsa kuthekera kwakukulu pakuchiritsa madzi onyansa a cyanide kuchokera kusungunuka golide.

Mfundo za Pressure Oxidation Treatment Technology

Mfundo yaikulu ya teknoloji ya pressure oxidation treatment ndi kupanga cyanides m'madzi onyansa amakumana ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni pansi pa kutentha kwambiri, kupanikizika kwambiri pamaso pa okosijeni, kuwasandutsa zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi kawopsedwe kakang'ono kapena kawopsedwe. Panthawiyi, ma cyanide ions (CN⁻) amakhala oxidized pang'onopang'ono. Choyamba, ma ion cyanate (CNO⁻) amapangidwa, kenako amawonjezeredwa ndi okosijeni ndikuwola kukhala zinthu zopanda vuto monga carbon dioxide (CO₂) ndi nitrogen (N₂). Izi makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndondomeko angathe kuwononga dongosolo mankhwala a Cyanides, potero kuchepetsa kawopsedwe wa madzi oipa. Pakadali pano, ma ion zitsulo zolemera kwambiri m'madzi otayidwa, monga mkuwa, zinki, ndi chitsulo, zomwe poyambilira zimatha kupanga zolimba zokhala ndi ma cyanides, nawonso amawonongeka chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwa okosijeni. Kutulutsidwa kwa ayoni a heavy metal kumapanga mikhalidwe yolekanitsa ndi chithandizo chotsatira.

Ubwino Woyerekeza Kuposa Njira Zochiritsira Zachikhalidwe

Kuchita Bwino Kwambiri kwa Chithandizo

Njira zochiritsira zamchere za cyanide, monga njira ya alkaline chlorination, zimathanso kukwaniritsa makutidwe ndi okosijeni a ma cyanides, koma momwe zimakhalira pang'onopang'ono, ndipo nthawi yochizira ndi yayitali. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, teknoloji yogwiritsira ntchito makutidwe ndi okosijeni, chifukwa cha zomwe zimachitika pansi pa kutentha kwambiri komanso kupanikizika kwambiri, imathandizira kwambiri makutidwe ndi okosijeni a cyanides. Itha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa cyanide m'madzi otayidwa kukhala otsika kwambiri pakanthawi kochepa, ndikuwongolera bwino chithandizo chamankhwala.

Kusinthasintha Kwamphamvu kwa Madzi Owonongeka Ovuta

Mapangidwe amadzi onyansa a cyanide ochokera ku golide wosungunula ndizovuta. Kuphatikiza pa ma cyanides ndi ayoni azitsulo zolemera, imathanso kukhala ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe ndi zonyansa zina. Njira zina zochiritsira zachikhalidwe zimakhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa zamankhwala pamadzi otayidwa okhala ndi zigawo zovuta ndipo ndizovuta kukwaniritsa zomwe mukufuna kutulutsa. The pressure oxidation treatment technology, komabe, imatha kuthana bwino ndi dongosolo lovuta lamadzi lotayirira. Ili ndi kuthekera kwabwino kochotsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma cyanides ndi zoipitsa zina, kuwonetsa kusinthika kwamphamvu.

Kuchepetsa Chiwopsezo cha Kuipitsa Kwachiwiri

Njira zochiritsira zachikhalidwe zimatha kupanga zowononga zina zachiwiri panthawi yamankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, njira ya alkaline chlorination imagwiritsa ntchito ma chlorine-based oxidants, ndipo mpweya wapoizoni wa cyanogen chloride ukhoza kupangidwa panthawiyi, zomwe sizimangowopseza thanzi la ogwira ntchito komanso zingayambitsenso kuwonongeka kwa mpweya. The anachita mankhwala a kuthamanga makutidwe ndi okosijeni mankhwala luso makamaka alibe vuto lililonse mpweya monga mpweya woipa ndi asafe, kuchepetsa kwambiri chiopsezo cha yachiwiri kuipitsa ndi kukhala mogwirizana ndi zofunika kuteteza chilengedwe.

Njira Yoyendetsera Chithandizo cha Pressure Oxidation

Pretreatment Stage

Asanalowe mu ndondomeko ya oxidation ya pressure, madzi otayira ayenera kukonzedwa kale. Cholinga chachikulu cha sitepe ndi kuchotsa inaimitsidwa zolimba, lalikulu particles zonyansa, ndi zinthu zina zosavuta precipitate mu madzi oipa, kuteteza zinthu zimenezi kuchititsa blockages kapena kukhudza anachita zotsatira mu wotsatira kuthamanga makutidwe ndi okosijeni zida. Kuchiza kaŵirikaŵiri kumatengera njira zakuthupi, monga kusefera ndi matope. Zolimba zoyimitsidwa zazikuluzikulu zitha kulowetsedwa kudzera mu kusefera kwa gridi, ndipo akasinja a sedimentation angagwiritsidwe ntchito kulola zinyalala, tinthu tating'ono, ndi zina zambiri m'madzi onyansa kuti zikhazikike mwachilengedwe.

Pressure Oxidation Reaction Stage

The pretreated madzi otayira akulowa kuthamanga makutidwe ndi okosijeni riyakitala. Mkati mwa riyakitala, madzi akuwonongeka amalumikizana kwathunthu ndi okosijeni ndipo amakumana ndi okosijeni pansi pa kutentha kwambiri (nthawi zambiri 150 - 250 ℃) komanso kuthamanga kwambiri (nthawi zambiri 1 - 5MPa). Kupititsa patsogolo momwe zimagwirira ntchito, nthawi zina zimawonjezedwa moyenerera chothandizira. Munthawi imeneyi, ma cyanides amasinthidwa pang'onopang'ono ndikuwola, ndipo zitsulo zolemera zimasweka. Panthawi yochitapo kanthu, magawo monga kutentha, kuthamanga, kuthamanga kwa mpweya, ndi nthawi yochitira zinthu ziyenera kuyendetsedwa bwino kuti zitsimikizire kuti makutidwe ndi okosijeni akuyenda bwino ndikukwaniritsa chithandizo chabwino kwambiri.

Gawo Lotsatira la Chithandizo

Ngakhale ndende ya cyanide m'madzi otayira omwe amatulutsidwa kuchokera ku mphamvu ya okosijeni yachepetsedwa kwambiri, imatha kukhala ndi zotsalira zotsalira ndi zinthu zomwe zangopangidwa kumene, monga ayoni azitsulo zolemera ndi sulfates. Choncho, chithandizo chotsatira chimafunika. Chithandizo chotsatira chimaphatikizapo njira monga neutralization, sedimentation, ndi kusefera. Choyamba, zinthu zamchere (monga laimu) zimawonjezedwa kuti zichepetse madzi otayidwa ndikusintha pH kukhala yosalowerera ndale kapena yotsala pang'ono kulowererapo. Pansi pa pH yoyenera, ayoni azitsulo zolemera m'madzi otayira amapanga ma hydroxide precipitates. Kenako, pogwiritsa ntchito sedimentation ndi kusefera, madonthowa amasiyanitsidwa ndi madzi otayira, kumachepetsanso zomwe zili m'madzi onyansa ndikupangitsa kuti madzi otayira oyeretsedwawo akwaniritse miyezo yoyenera yokhetsera kapena kugwiritsanso ntchito zofunikira.

Kusanthula Milandu Yothandiza

Bizinesi yayikulu yosungunula golide idatengera ukadaulo waukadaulo wa oxidation kuti athetse madzi ake onyansa a cyanide. Asanagwiritse ntchito ukadaulo uwu, bizinesiyo idakumana ndi zovuta zambiri pakuwongolera madzi a cyanide. Njira zochiritsira zachikhalidwe sizinali zokwera mtengo kokha komanso zinali zovuta kukwaniritsa mosamalitsa malamulo oletsa kutetezedwa kwa chilengedwe.

Pambuyo poyambitsa ukadaulo wopangira ma oxidation oxidation, kampaniyo idapanga njira yonse yoyeretsera madzi oyipa, kuphatikiza malo opangirako, makina opangira ma oxidation, ndi magawo ena ochizira. Kupyolera mu kuyang'anira kwenikweni kwa ntchito, zotsatira za chithandizo zinali zodabwitsa. Kuchuluka kwa cyanide m'madzi otayidwa kudatsika kuchoka pa mamiligalamu mazana angapo pa lita kufika kuchepera mamiligalamu angapo pa lita, ndikuchotsa kupitirira 99%. Pa nthawi yomweyi, zomwe zili muzitsulo zolemera zazitsulo zinachepanso kwambiri, zomwe zimakwaniritsa miyezo yadziko lonse.

Kuchokera ku phindu lazachuma, ngakhale ndalama zoyambira zida zogwiritsira ntchito ukadaulo waukadaulo wa oxidation ndizokwera kwambiri, m'kupita kwanthawi, chifukwa chakuchita bwino kwamankhwala komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ma reagent otsika, mtengo wonse wamankhwala watsika. Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa chogwiritsanso ntchito madzi otayira oyeretsedwa, bizinesiyo yapezanso phindu pazachuma pakugwiritsa ntchito madzi. Malinga ndi momwe chilengedwe chimapindulira, ukadaulo uwu wachepetsa bwino mpweya wazinthu zowononga zinthu monga ma cyanides ndi zitsulo zolemera, ndikuchepetsa kwambiri kupsinjika kwa kuipitsidwa kwa malo ozungulira ndikuthandiza kwambiri kuteteza chilengedwe.

Zovuta ndi Zotsutsana nazo

Kugulitsa Kwazida Zapamwamba ndi Ndalama Zogwirira Ntchito

Ukadaulo wamankhwala oletsa makutidwe ndi okosijeni umafunikira zida zapadera zolimbikitsira, zida zotentha kwambiri, ndi machitidwe owongolera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri zoyambira zida. Kuonjezera apo, kusunga kutentha kwambiri komanso kupanikizika kwambiri panthawi yogwira ntchito komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa okosijeni kudzawonjezeranso ndalama zogwirira ntchito.

Zotsutsana nazo: Kumbali imodzi, mabizinesi amatha kukonzekera kukula kwa projekitiyo, kukonza kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zida, ndikuchepetsa kugawidwa kwamitengo yazida pagawo lililonse lamadzi otayira. Kumbali ina, posankha zida, sankhani zida zogwiritsira ntchito kwambiri, zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ndikuwongolera magawo ogwiritsira ntchito kuti muchepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ndi chitukuko chosalekeza cha teknoloji ndi kuwonjezereka kwa mpikisano wamsika, mtengo wa zipangizo ukuyembekezeka kuchepa pang'onopang'ono, motero kuchepetsa ndalama zogulitsa malonda.

Zofunika Kwambiri pa Ntchito ndi Kusamalira

Njira yogwirira ntchito yaukadauloyi imaphatikizapo madera owopsa monga kutentha kwambiri komanso kuthamanga kwambiri, komwe kumafunikira luso lapamwamba laukadaulo ndi luso la ogwira ntchito. Komanso, pakugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali kwa zidazo, chifukwa cha kutentha kwakukulu, kuthamanga kwambiri, komanso malo amphamvu oxidation, mavuto monga kuvala ndi dzimbiri amatha kuchitika, ndipo kukonza ndi kukonza nthawi zonse kumafunika.

Njira zothanirana nazo: Mabizinesi akuyenera kulimbikitsa maphunziro a ogwira ntchito, kupititsa patsogolo chidziwitso ndi luso la kachitidwe kawo, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti atha kugwira ntchito motsatira ndondomeko zoyendetsera ntchito kuti apewe ngozi zachitetezo zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zolakwika. Nthawi yomweyo, khazikitsani dongosolo lathunthu loyang'anira zida, kuyang'ana nthawi zonse, kusamalira, ndikugwiritsa ntchito zidazo, kupeza mwachangu ndi kuthetsa mavuto omwe alipo pazida, kuwonjezera moyo wautumiki wa zida, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti dongosololi likugwira ntchito mokhazikika. Kuphatikiza apo, ubale wabwino wogwirizana ukhoza kukhazikitsidwa ndi ogulitsa zida kuti apeze thandizo laukadaulo laukadaulo komanso ntchito yogulitsa pambuyo pogulitsa.

Kutsiliza

Monga njira yothandiza komanso yosamalira chilengedwe yamadzi otayidwa a cyanide mu kusungunula golide, ukadaulo wochiritsa makutidwe ndi okosijeni uli ndi zabwino zambiri komanso mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri. Mwa okosijeni ndi kuwola kwa ma cyanides pansi pa kutentha kwambiri komanso kupanikizika kwambiri, kumatha kuchepetsa kawopsedwe ka madzi onyansa ndikuchotsa zowononga zosiyanasiyana. Ngakhale ikukumana ndi zovuta monga ndalama zogulira zida zapamwamba komanso ndalama zogwirira ntchito, komanso zofunika kwambiri kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito ndi kukonza pakugwiritsa ntchito bwino, mavutowa amatha kuthetsedwa bwino potengera njira zotsutsana nazo. Ndi zofunika kwambiri kuteteza chilengedwe komanso kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, ukadaulo waukadaulo wa oxidation ukuyembekezeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani osungunula golide, kutenga gawo lofunikira pakukwaniritsa chitukuko chobiriwira komanso chokhazikika chamakampani osungunula golide.