Ingabe ulwazi lwakho lwe-sodium cyanide lubanzi?

Sodium i-cyanide, enefomula yamakhemikhali i-NaCN, iyinhlanganisela eyala ukunakwa okubalulekile ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezihlukile, ukusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene, kanye nobuthi obuphezulu. Lesi sihloko sihlose ukuhlinzeka ngemininingwane ephelele ye I-sodium cyanide, ukuhlola ukwakheka kwayo, izakhiwo ezingokoqobo namakhemikhali, izindlela zokukhiqiza, ukusetshenziswa, kanye nokucatshangelwa okuhlobene nokuphepha nemvelo.

Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali Nezakhiwo

I-Sodium cyanide iyinhlanganisela ye-ionic eyenziwe ngama-sodium cations (Na+) kanye nama-cyanide anions (CN-). I-cyanide ion inesakhiwo esiqondile, esino- I-Carbon i-athomu ehlanganiswe kathathu ne-athomu ye-nitrogen. Lesi sakhiwo sithonya ukusabela kwe-compound kanye nobuthi.

Izakhiwo

• ukubukeka: Ngokuvamile, I-Sodium Cyanide yethula njengokuqinile okumhlophe, okucwebezelayo, kodwa futhi ingatholakala kuyimpushana noma ngesimo seqhubu.

• solubility: Incibilika kakhulu emanzini, futhi cishe amagremu angu-400 akwazi ukuncibilika ilitha elilodwa lamanzi ku-25°C. Lokhu kuncibilika okuphezulu kuyenza isebenziseke ezinqubweni ezehlukene zezimboni, nokho futhi iphakamisa ukukhathazeka mayelana nokuchitheka kwengozi nokuphatha okungafanele.

• Amaphuzu Ancibilikayo Nawabilisa: I-sodium cyanide inephuzu lokuncibilika elicishe libe ngu-563.7°C kanye nendawo yokubilisa engu-1496°C, okubonisa amandla amabhondi e-ionic abambe inhlanganisela ndawonye.

• Ubuningi: Ukuminyana kwayo kucishe kube ngu-1.6 amagremu ku-cubic centimeter ngayinye, inkulu kunaleyo yamanzi, okubangela ukuthi icwile ezixazululweni ezinamanzi.

Impahla yezolimo

• Okuyisisekelo: I-sodium cyanide iyisisekelo esiqinile ngokulingene. Uma isesixazululweni esinamanzi, ingena ngaphansi kwe-hydrolysis. Le nqubo ikhiqiza ion hydroxide (OH-), okwenza isisombululo alkaline.

• Reactivity nge Metals: Esinye sezici eziphawuleka kakhulu ze i-sodium cyanide ukuhlobana kwayo okuqinile kwezinsimbi. Ezimbonini ezifana Ukumba igolide, lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo namanzi, i-sodium cyanide isabela negolide. Lokhu kusabela kwakha inkimbinkimbi yegolide ye-cyanide encibilikayo, evumela ukudonswa kwegolide ku-ores.

• Ukusabela nge-Acids: I-sodium cyanide isabela ngamandla nama-asidi ukukhiqiza i-hydrogen cyanide, igesi enobuthi obuphezulu. Ngisho nama-acids abuthakathaka angabangela lokhu kusabela, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuphatha i-sodium cyanide ngokunakekelwa okwedlulele ezintweni ezine-acidic.

• Ukusabela Kwe-oxidation kanye Nokunciphisa: I-sodium cyanide ingabamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni kwe-oxidation nasekunciphiseni. Ama-oxidizing agents anamandla angakwazi ukuyifaka ezintweni ezinobuthi obuncane, kuyilapho ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ingasebenza njenge-ejenti enciphisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali.

Izindlela zokukhiqiza

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-sodium cyanide kuhilela izinqubo zamakhemikhali eziningana, nenqubo ye-Andrussow kanye nenqubo ye-Casner evame kakhulu.

Inqubo ye-Andrussow

Lena indlela yezimboni esetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizeni i-sodium cyanide. Kuhilela ukusabela kwe-methane, i-ammonia, nomoya-mpilo phezu kwe-platinum catalyst emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, acishe abe ngu-1000°C. I-hydrogen cyanide ewumphumela bese isabela ne-sodium hydroxide ukuze yakhe i-sodium cyanide.

Inqubo yeCanner

Enqubweni ye-Castner, i-sodium amide ihlangana nekhabhoni emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, azungeze u-800 - 1000°C, ukukhiqiza i-sodium cyanide negesi ye-hydrogen. Kodwa-ke, le nqubo ayisetshenziswa kakhulu namuhla ngoba idinga amandla amaningi futhi ikhiqiza umkhiqizo onokuhlanzeka okuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nenqubo ye-Andrussow.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide

I-sodium cyanide inohlu olubanzi lwezicelo kuzo zonke izimboni ezahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo zamakhemikhali ezihlukile.

Izimayini Zegolide Nesiliva

Okunye okubaluleke kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide ukudonsa igolide nesiliva kuma-ore. Le nqubo, ebizwa ngokuthi i-cyanidation, ihilela ukuncibilikisa izinsimbi eziyigugu kusixazululo se-sodium cyanide lapho umoya-mpilo ukhona. Lokhu kwakha izingxube zensimbi ezincibilikayo ze-cyanide ezingahlukaniswa nensimbi bese zisetshenzwa ukuze kutholwe igolide elimsulwa noma isiliva. I-Cyanidation iphumelela kakhulu ekukhipheni izinsimbi eziyigugu kuma-ore asezingeni eliphansi, okwenza kube indlela ebalulekile embonini yezimayini.

I-Chemical Synthesis

I-sodium cyanide iyisakhiwo esibalulekile ekuhlanganiseni amakhemikhali ahlukahlukene. Isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ama-nitriles, asebenza njengezinkambi ezibalulekile ekukhiqizeni imithi, amapulasitiki, nemicu yokwenziwa. Isibonelo, ekuhlanganisweni kwe-acrylonitrile, i-monomer eyinhloko yokwenza imicu ye-polyacrylonitrile esetshenziselwa izindwangu kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-carbon fiber, i-sodium cyanide isebenza njenge-reactant.

I-Electroplating

In the I-Electroplating embonini, i-sodium cyanide isetshenziswa kwamanye okugeza okucwenga ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi nokunamathela kwezingubo zensimbi. Isiza ukufaka izinsimbi njengethusi, isiliva, negolide kuma-substrates ahlukene, okuholela ekupheleleni okufanayo nokuhlala isikhathi eside. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobuthi bayo, ezinye izinqubo zokucwenga okungeyona i-cyanide ziyathuthukiswa futhi zemukelwe.

Ukulawula izinambuzane

I-sodium cyanide ibisetshenziswa njenge-rodenticide kanye ne-insecticide esikhathini esidlule. Ubuthi bayo obuphezulu buyenza iphumelele ekulawuleni inqwaba yezinambuzane. Kepha amazwe amaningi akukhawulele ukusetshenziswa kwayo kule ndawo ngenxa yezingozi ezingaba khona empilweni yabantu kanye nemvelo.

Izicelo Zelabhoratri

Ezilungiselelweni zaselabhorethri, i-sodium cyanide isetshenziswa njenge-reagent ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali okuhlukahlukene. Ivamise ukusetshenziswa ku-organic synthesis ukwethula iqembu le-cyanide (-CN) kuma-organic compounds, angase aphinde alungiswe ukuze akhe inhlobonhlobo yemikhiqizo.

Ubuthi Nokucatshangelwa Kokuphepha

I-sodium cyanide inobuthi ngokwedlulele futhi ibeka engcupheni enkulu empilweni yomuntu kanye nemvelo.

Ubuthi Mechanism

Lapho i-sodium cyanide ingena emzimbeni, iyaphuka ukuze ikhulule i-cyanide ions (CN-). Lawa ma-ion abophezela ku-athomu yensimbi ku-cytochrome c oxidase, i-enzyme ehilelekile ochungechungeni lokuthutha lwe-electron yeseli. Lokhu kubophezela kuvimbela ukusebenza kwe-enzyme, kuvimbela amangqamuzana ekusebenziseni umoya-mpilo ngokuphumelelayo. Ngenxa yalokho, amangqamuzana awakwazi ukukhiqiza amandla ngokuphefumula kwe-aerobic, okuholela ekufeni kwamangqamuzana, futhi ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ukufa komzimba.

Imizila Yokuchayeka

• Inhalation: Ukuhogela uthuli lwe-sodium cyanide noma umusi kungaholela ngokushesha emiphumeleni enobuthi. Ngisho nenani elincane elihogelwe lingabeka ukuphila kwakhe engozini.

• Ukungenisa: Ukugwinya i-sodium cyanide kuyingozi kakhulu. Umthamo omncane kakhulu, ngokuvamile ongaphansi kwama-50 - 100 milligrams kumuntu omdala ojwayelekile, ungabulala.

• Othintana naye Dermal: Ukuthinta isikhumba nge-sodium cyanide kungavumela inhlanganisela ukuthi ingene emzimbeni, ikakhulukazi uma kukhona ukusikeka noma imihuzuko. Ukuthinta isikhumba isikhathi eside noma okuphindaphindiwe kungabangela ukucasuka kwesikhumba, ukusha, kanye nobuthi besistimu.

Izimpawu Zobuthi

Izimpawu zobuthi be-sodium cyanide zingahluka kuye ngomzila nezinga lokuchayeka. Izimpawu zakuqala zingase zihlanganise ikhanda elibuhlungu, isiyezi, ubuthakathaka, isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, ukuphefumula ngokushesha, nomuzwa wokucinana kwesifuba. Izimpawu ezithuthukisiwe zingaba ukuquleka, ukulahlekelwa ukwazi, ukwehluleka ukuphefumula, nokuboshwa kwenhliziyo. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ukufa kungenzeka phakathi nemizuzu yokuchayeka.

Ukuqapha Ukuphepha

Ngenxa yobuthi bayo obudlulele, izinyathelo zokuphepha eziqinile kufanele zilandelwe lapho kusingathwa i-sodium cyanide. Bonke abasebenzi abathintekayo ekuyiphatheni, ekuyigcineni, noma ekuthuthweni kwayo kufanele bathole ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele mayelana nezakhiwo zayo, izingozi, nezinqubo zokusingatha ngokuphephile. Izisebenzi kufanele zigqoke izinto zokuzivikela ezifanele, okuhlanganisa amagilavu ​​amelana namakhemikhali, izibuko, izinto zokuphefumula, nezingubo zokuzivikela. Izindawo zokusebenza kufanele zibe nomoya omuhle ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi yokuhogela intuthu noma uthuli. I-sodium cyanide kufanele igcinwe ngokuvikelekile endaweni enomoya omuhle kude nama-acids, ama-oxidizing agents, nezinye izinto ezingahambelani. Uma kwenzeka ukuchitheka, izinqubo ezifanele zokuvimbela kanye nokuhlanza kufanele zenziwe ngokushesha ukuze kuvinjelwe ukukhishwa kwentuthu enobuthi. Izinsiza ezisebenzisa noma ezigcina i-sodium cyanide kufanele zibe nezinhlelo eziphelele zokuphendula izimo eziphuthumayo, okuhlanganisa nezinqubo zokubhekana nokuchitheka, ukuchayeka, nezimo eziphuthumayo zezokwelapha. Izinsiza zosizo lokuqala kanye nama-antidote, njenge-hydroxocobalamin noma i-sodium nitrite/sodium thiosulfate, kufanele kutholakale kalula ukwelapha ubuthi be-cyanide.

Impembelelo yemvelo

Ukukhululwa kwe-sodium cyanide emvelweni kungaba nemiphumela emibi. Uma ingena emanzini, ingaba yingozi kakhulu ezintweni eziphila emanzini. Ama-ion e-cyanide anobuthi ezinhlanzini, ezilwaneni ezingenamgogodla, nakwezinye izinto eziphila emanzini, aphazamisa i-ecosystem yasemanzini. Ukwengeza, lapho i-sodium cyanide i-hydrolyzes emanzini, ingakhiqiza igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide, engangena emkhathini futhi ibe nomthelela ekungcoleni komoya. Ukuchitheka kwe-sodium cyanide emhlabeni kungangcolisa umhlabathi, kuwenze ungafaneleki ukukhula kwezitshalo. I-cyanide ingabophela ezinhlayiyeni zomhlabathi futhi ingase ihlale endaweni ezungezile isikhathi eside, kuye ngezimo zenhlabathi kanye nokuba khona kwezilwanyana ezincane ezingawudiliza. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, lapho i-sodium cyanide ihlangana nama-acids noma umswakama emoyeni, ingakhipha igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide, ukungcola komoya okunobuthi obunamandla okungalimaza abantu, izilwane nezitshalo eziseduze.

Isiphetho

I-sodium cyanide iyinhlanganisela enezici zamakhemikhali ezihlukile eziyenza ibe wusizo ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene zezimboni. Kodwa-ke, ubuthi bayo obudlulele kanye namandla okulimaza imvelo angeke kushaywe indiva. Kubalulekile kuzo zonke izimboni ezisebenzisa i-sodium cyanide ukusebenzisa izinyathelo eziqinile zokuphepha ukuze kuvikelwe abasebenzi, umphakathi kanye nemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imizamo eqhubekayo kufanele yenziwe ukuthuthukisa ezinye izindlela nezinhlanganisela ezingafinyelela imigomo efanayo yezimboni ngaphandle kwezingozi ezihambisanayo ze-sodium cyanide. Ngokuqonda izakhiwo zayo, ukusetshenziswa, kanye nezingozi, singasebenzela ekunciphiseni imithelela yayo emibi kuyilapho sisasebenzisa izici zayo ezibalulekile lapho kudingeka.