Sodium Cyanide: Abubuwan Sinadarai da Hanyoyin Amsa

Gabatarwa

sodium cyanide (NaCN) wani fili ne na sinadari wanda ke da aikace-aikacen masana'antu biyu da mahimman abubuwan aminci saboda yanayin sa mai guba sosai. Fahimtar ta Chemical Properties kuma hanyoyin amsawa suna da mahimmanci don amintaccen kulawa, amfani da masana'antu, da kariyar muhalli. Wannan labarin yana nufin samar da cikakken bayyani na halayen sinadarai da hanyoyin amsawa na Sodium cyanide.

Abubuwan Sinadarai na Sodium Cyanide

Bayyanar Jiki

Sodium cyanide fari ne, kristal mai kauri a zafin daki. Yana da tsarin kristal mai siffar sukari kuma sau da yawa yana bayyana a matsayin ƙarami, mara wari (lokacin bushe) granules ko foda. Duk da haka, lokacin da yake hulɗa da danshi ko acid, zai iya saki iskar hydrogen cyanide, wanda ke da bambanci, ƙanshin almond. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa ba kowa ba ne ke iya gano wannan warin, saboda ikon jin warin an ƙaddara ta asali.

solubility

NaCN yana da narkewa sosai a cikin ruwa. Lokacin da ya narke a cikin ruwa, yana rarraba zuwa ions sodium (Na⁺) da cyanide ions (CN⁻) bisa ga ma'auni mai zuwa:

NaCN(s) H2O, Na+(aq) Na+ (aq) + CN-(aq)

Wannan babban narkewa a cikin ruwa yana sa ya zama haɗarin muhalli mai yuwuwa saboda yana iya gurɓata tushen ruwa cikin sauƙi. Hakanan yana narkewa a cikin wasu kaushi na kwayoyin halitta irin su methanol da ethanol.

Stability

Sodium cyanide yana da ƙarfi sosai a yanayin da ya dace. Duk da haka, yana da sauƙin kamuwa da zafi, danshi, da kuma acid. Idan aka yi zafi, yana iya ruɓewa, yana fitar da iskar hydrogen cyanide mai guba sosai. A gaban acid, har ma da acid mai rauni kamar su Carbonic acid (wanda aka samar lokacin da carbon dioxide ya narke a cikin ruwa), wannan amsawar tana faruwa:-NaCN + H2O + CO2 → NaHCO3 + HCN↑

Wannan martani yana nuna mahimmancin adanawa sodium Cyanide a bushe, wuri mai sanyi nesa da abubuwan acidic.

Hanyoyin amsawa na Sodium Cyanide

Amsa da Karfe

Sodium cyanide sananne ne saboda ikonsa na samar da hadaddun da karafa. Ɗaya daga cikin aikace-aikacen da aka fi sani shine a cikin hakar zinariya da azurfa daga ma'adinan su a cikin masana'antar hakar ma'adinai. A gaban oxygen da ruwa, sodium cyanide yana amsawa da zinari (Au) a cikin ma'adinan don samar da gwal mai narkewa - hadadden cyanide. Ana iya wakilta gabaɗayan halayen kamar:

4Au+8NaCN+O2+2H2O→4Na[Au(CN)2]+ 4NaOH

A cikin wannan yanayin, ions na cyanide suna daidaitawa tare da atom ɗin zinariya, suna mai da zinariyar da ba za a iya narkewa a cikin ma'adinai ba zuwa wani hadadden mai narkewa wanda za'a iya raba shi da sauƙi daga sauran dutsen da sauran ƙazanta. Hanyar amsawa ta ƙunshi oxidation na zinari ta hanyar iskar oxygen, sannan kuma nau'in nau'in zinare mai oxidized tare da ions cyanide.

Matsalolin Sauyawar Nucleophilic

Cyanide ions (CN⁻) suna da karfi nucleophiles. A cikin sinadarai na halitta, suna iya shiga cikin halayen maye gurbin nucleophilic. Misali, lokacin da alkyl halide (R - X, inda R shine rukunin alkyl kuma X shine halogen) yayi amsa da sodium cyanide a cikin sauran ƙarfi kamar dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), halayen da ke biyowa suna faruwa:RX + NaCNR-CN + NaX

Cyanide ion yana kai hari ga carbon atom da ke hade da halogen, yana maye gurbin halogen atom a cikin wani canji. Ana amfani da wannan amsa sosai a cikin haɗin nitriles, waɗanda ke da mahimmancin tsaka-tsaki a cikin samar da nau'ikan mahadi daban-daban kamar su carboxylic acid, amines, da mahadi na heterocyclic.

Magani da Ruwa (Hydrolysis)

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, sodium cyanide zai iya amsawa tare da ruwa a cikin maganin hydrolysis. A gaban ruwa, ion cyanide zai iya karɓar proton daga ruwa don samar da hydrogen cyanide da ions hydroxide:CN (aq) + H2O (l) HCN (aq) + OH (aq)

Wannan halayen hydrolysis yana canzawa, kuma matsayi na ma'auni ya dogara da dalilai kamar pH da zafin jiki. A cikin maganin acidic, ma'auni yana motsawa zuwa ga samuwar iskar hydrogen cyanide, yayin da a cikin mafita na asali, ion cyanide ya kasance mafi rinjaye a cikin siffar anionic.