Ngwa nke sodium Cyanide na ọgwụ pesticide Synthesis

1. Okwu Mmalite

sodium cyanide (NaCN), ogige inorganic dị oke mkpa, na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mpaghara ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche. N'ọkwa nke Ngwakọta pesticide, Njirimara kemịkalụ ya pụrụ iche na-eme ka e nwee ike ịmepụta ọtụtụ ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-egbochi nje. Isiokwu a delves n'ime keukwu ngwa nke sodium cyanide na njikọ nke pesticide, na-enyocha usoro mmeghachi omume ya, ụdị ọgwụ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe nchebe na gburugburu ebe obibi.

2. Njirimara chemical nke sodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide bụ ọcha, kristal siri ike nke na-agbaze ngwa ngwa na mmiri. Ọ nwere oke molar nke 49.01 g/mol wee gbazee na 563.7 Celsius. Otu n'ime njirimara ya kachasị ama bụ ọchịchọ ya ịdaba na ngwọta nke mmiri, na-ahapụ ion cyanide nke ukwuu. Ion ndị a na-ekere òkè n'ọtụtụ mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ, nke a na-erigbu na njikọ pesticide.

Mgbe ole sodium cyanide na-emeghachi omume na mmiri, usoro a na-akpọ hydrolysis na-eme, na-emepụta hydrogen cyanide na sodium hydroxide. Mmeghachi omume a nwere ike ịga n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ, yana ihe ndị dị ka okpomọkụ na pH nwere ike imetụta nguzozi n'etiti reactants na ngwaahịa. Na njikọ pesticide, na-achịkwa ntọhapụ nke ion cyanide site na sodium cyanide bụ isi ihe na-ebute mmeghachi omume kemịkal.

3. Ngwa na pesticide Synthesis

3.1. Njikọ nke Organonitrile pesticides

ọtụtụ Organonitrile pesticides A na-eji sodium cyanide emepụta ha dị ka ihe mmalite dị mkpa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ime mmepụta nke cypermethrin, otu ọgwụ nje pyrethroid dị mkpa, sodium cyanide na-etinye aka na usoro dị oke mkpa. Dịka ọ na-adịkarị, phenoxybenzaldehyde 3- na-emeghachi omume na sodium cyanide n'ihu ihe na-akpali akpali. Cyanide ion na-awakpo carbonotu yl nke atọ - phenoxybenzaldehyde, na-etolite ihe mejupụtara etiti. Mgbe nke a gasịrị, mmeghachi omume ndị ọzọ dịka cyclization na esterification na-eme, nke na-eduga n'ịmepụta cypermethrin. Usoro mmeghachi omume a abụghị naanị cypermethrin; a na-ejikwa ya na njikọta nke ọgwụ nje ndị ọzọ dị ka deltamethrin na permethrin.

3.2. Synthesis nke Nitrile - nwere Herbicides

Sodium cyanide na-ekerekwa òkè n'ichepụta ụfọdụ ahịhịa ahịhịa. Na mmepụta nke ụfọdụ nitrile - nwere ahịhịa ahịhịa, otu cyanide ewepụtara na sodium cyanide na-aghọ akụkụ dị mkpa nke molekul herbicidal. Usoro mmeghachi omume na-agụnyekarị mmeghachi omume nnọchi nucleophilic.

Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe halogen - ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ dochie ya na sodium cyanide na-emeghachi omume, ion cyanide na-eme dị ka nucleophile ma dochie atom halogen. Nitrile nke si na ya pụta - nke nwere etiti na-aga n'ihu usoro mgbanwe iji mepụta ngwaahịa ahịhịa ikpeazụ. Usoro a na-enye ohere maka mmepe nke herbicides na ụzọ a kapịrị ọnụ nke ọrụ, dị ka igbochi isi enzymes na osisi metabolism.

3.3. Ọrụ na nchịkọta nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto ụmụ ahụhụ

Na njikọ nke ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka uto ụmụ ahụhụ, enwere ike iji sodium cyanide webata otu ndị na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa maka ọrụ ndu nke ngwaahịa ikpeazụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'imepụta ụfọdụ homonụ na-eme ka ụmụaka na-eṅomi, otu cyanide na-abanye n'ime usoro molekụla site na ọtụtụ usoro mmeghachi omume. Usoro a na-amalitekarị site na molecule precursor nke nwere otu ịhapụ otu kwesịrị ekwesị. Sodium cyanide na-emeghachi omume na mbido a, jiri otu cyanide dochie ndị na-ahapụ. Mgbe ahụ, mmeghachi omume ndị na-esote na-emeziwanye cyanide - nwere etiti iji mepụta onye na-ahụ maka uto ụmụ ahụhụ nwere ọrụ a kapịrị ọnụ. Ụdị nchịkwa a nwere ike ịkpaghasị uto na mmepe nke ụmụ ahụhụ, dị ka igbochi metamorphosis ha, si otú a na-enyere aka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ.

4. Nchekwa na gburugburu ebe obibi

4.1. Nsi nke sodium cyanide

Sodium cyanide na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu. Iku ume ya, ilo ya, ma ọ bụ ịbanye na ya nwere ike ịkpata ọnwụ. ion cyanide ewepụtara na sodium cyanide nwere ike jikọta na enzyme a na-akpọ cytochrome c oxidase na sel. Njikọ a na-akwụsị ụdọ njem elektrọn, na-egbochi sel iji oxygen mee ihe nke ọma. N'ihi ya, mkpụrụ ndụ na-anwụ ngwa ngwa, nke nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu ahụike siri ike na ọbụna ọnwụ ma mmadụ ma anụmanụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke cyanide sodium nke nwere ike igbu mmadụ dị ntakịrị, na-adịkarị site na 50 - 100 mg. Ya mere, a ghaghị ịgbaso usoro nchekwa siri ike mgbe a na-ejizi, na-echekwa, na iji sodium cyanide na ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta pesticide. Ndị ọrụ na-etinye aka na usoro mmepụta kwesịrị iyi akụrụngwa nchedo onwe onye kwesịrị ekwesị, gụnyere mkpuchi iku ume, uwe aka, na uwe nchebe.

4.2. Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi

Iji sodium cyanide mee ihe na njikọ pesticide na-ewetakwa ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ọnọdụ nke mwụfu na mberede ma ọ bụ mkpofu na-ekwesịghị ekwesị, sodium cyanide nwere ike imerụ ala na isi mmiri. N'otu oge na gburugburu ebe obibi, ọ nwere ike daa ka ọ bụrụ hydrogen cyanide, gas na-agbanwe agbanwe na nke na-egbu egbu.

N'ime mmiri, cyanide nwere ike imebi ndụ mmiri. Ọbụlagodi na obere mkpokọta, ọ nwere ike imetụta ndụ, uto, na ịmụpụta azụ, invertebrates, na ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'ime mmiri. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụrụ na a na-eji mmiri cyanide metọọ mee ihe maka ịgba mmiri, ọ nwere ike imebi osisi wee banye n'agbụ nri.

Iji belata ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a, ndị na-emepụta ọgwụ pesticide ga-emerịrị usoro nlekọta mkpofu kwesịrị ekwesị. Nke a na-agụnye ịgwọ mmiri mkpofu nwere cyanide iji wepụ ma ọ bụ kpochapụ cyanide tupu ebufu ya. Teknụzụ ọgwụgwọ a na-ahụkarị gụnyere kemịkalụ oxidation, ọgwụgwọ ndu, na mmiri ozuzo.

5. Mmechi

Sodium cyanide bụ ihe dị mkpa na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ nke na-eme ka mmepụta ihe dị iche iche na-eme ihe dị iche iche. Ikike ya iwebata otu cyanide n'ime ụmụ irighiri ihe na-egbu egbu site na mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ edugala n'ịmepụta ihe na-ahụ maka njikwa pesti dị mma nke dị oke mkpa maka ọrụ ugbo ọgbara ọhụrụ na nchekwa ahụike ọha.

Otú ọ dị, a pụghị ileghara oke nsi nke sodium cyanide na ihe nwere ike imerụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Ka ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọgwụ nje na-aga n'ihu na-etolite, ọ dị mkpa ịchọta nguzozi n'etiti iji uru sodium cyanide mee ihe na nhazi pesticide na itinye usoro nchekwa na gburugburu ebe obibi siri ike. Nke a nwere ike ịgụnye ịmepụta ụzọ ọzọ, usoro njikọ na-egbu egbu ma ọ bụ melite usoro ndị dị ugbu a iji belata ojiji na ntọhapụ nke sodium cyanide. Site na njikwa kwesịrị ekwesị na ọganihu nkà na ụzụ, ntinye nke sodium cyanide na nchịkọta pesticide nwere ike ịga n'ihu na-enye aka na nchekwa nri zuru ụwa ọnụ na njikwa pesti ma na-echebe ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi.