Usoro mmepụta na ọganihu teknụzụ nke sodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) bụ ihe dị mkpa bụ isi kemịkalụ akụrụngwa, nke a na-ejikarị na ubi ndị dị ka gold mine mmịpụta, electroplating, na njikọ nke pharmaceutical intermediates. Ya Production Usoro emeela ihe karịrị otu narị afọ nke teknụzụ teknụzụ, ma ugbu a, e guzobela usoro mmepụta ihe nke usoro njikọ ahụ na-achịkwa. Isiokwu a ga-usoro hazie ndị mainstream mmepụta usoro nke sodium cyanide na ọganihu nkà na ụzụ ha, na-atụle ntụziaka mmepe n'ọdịnihu.

I. Evolushọn nke usoro mmepụta sodium Cyanide

1. Usoro mmalite (Ngwụsị nke narị afọ nke 19 - etiti narị afọ nke 20)

N'oge mbụ, mmepụta nke sodium cyanide tumadi dabeere na mmịpụta si eke akụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, "usoro cyanidation maka mmịpụta ọla edo" chepụtara na 1887 ewepụtara cyanides site n'ịhazi osisi ndị nwere cyanide (dị ka almọnd na-elu ilu). Otú ọ dị, usoro a adịghị arụ ọrụ, ọ dị oke ọnụ, ma sie ike igbo mkpa nke mmepụta ihe. Ná mmalite narị afọ nke 20, onye Germany bụ́ ọkà n'ihe banyere ọgwụ Friedrich Kahlbaum mepụtara usoro mgbaze cyanide, bụ́ nke kwadebere. sodium cyanide site n'imeghachi calcium cyanide na sodium carbonate. N'ihi ọnụ ala nke akụrụngwa na ịdị mfe nke usoro a, usoro a ghọrọ teknụzụ bụ isi n'oge mbụ.

2. Nbilite nke Usoro Synthesis (N'etiti narị afọ nke 20 ruo ugbu a)

Site na mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ petrochemical, usoro njikọ ejirila nwayọọ nwayọọ dochie usoro ọdịnala. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-emepụta ihe karịrị 90% nke sodium cyanide n'ụwa niile site na iji usoro nhazi atọ ndị a:

• Usoro Andrussow

Iji methane, amonia, na oxygen dị ka akụrụngwa, mmeghachi omume oxidation na-eme n'okpuru ọrụ nke platinum-rhodium alloy catalyst:

A na-etinye gas hydrogen cyanide (HCN) nke emepụtara site na sodium hydroxide iji nweta ngwọta sodium cyanide. Usoro a nwere uru nke akụrụngwa dị ọnụ ala na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmeghachi omume ngwa ngwa, mana oke okpomọkụ (1000 - 1200 ° C) na iji ígwè dị oké ọnụ ahịa na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ọnụ ahịa dị elu.

• Ụzọ pyrolysis mmanụ ọkụ

Iji mmanụ ọkụ (dị ka naphtha) dị ka ihe eji eme ihe, a na-emepụta HCN site na pyrolysis na okpomọkụ dị elu (1400 - 1500 ° C), na ọgwụgwọ na-esote yiri nke usoro Andrussow. Usoro a dabara adaba maka nnukwu mmepụta mana ọ nwere oke ume ike ma na-emepụta nnukwu carbon ojii dị ka ngwaahịa sitere na ya.

• Methanol Amonia Oxidation Method

N'iji methanol, amonia, na ikuku dị ka akụrụngwa, a na-emepụta HCN n'okpuru ọrụ nke ihe mkpali (dị ka V₂O₅-MoO₃):

Usoro a nwere ọnụ ahịa akụrụngwa dị ala yana ọnọdụ mmeghachi omume dị nro (400 - 500 Celsius C), ma jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ bụrụ nhọrọ kachasị mma maka ikike mmepụta ewuru ọhụrụ.

II. Ọganihu teknụzụ na ntụzịaka ọhụrụ

1. Mmepe nke Green Processes

Usoro ọdịnala nwere nsogbu nke oke ike oriri na mmetọ dị elu. N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ndị nchọpụta enyochala teknụzụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ndị a:

• Usoro biosynthesis

Iji microorganisms (dị ka Pseudomonas) na-akwalite hydrolysis nke ogige nitrile iji mepụta. Cyanides, ma ọ ka nọ na laabu ogbo.

• Njikọ nke Electrochemical

Ịmegharị sodium cyanide site na iji mmiri mkpofu nwere cyanide nwere electrolyzing iji nweta nrụpụta akụrụngwa, mana ọ dị mkpa ka emeziwanye arụmọrụ na ọnụ ahịa ugbu a.

2. Njikwa ọgụgụ isi na teknụzụ nchekwa

Mmepụta nke sodium cyanide na-agụnye ihe ndị na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu, na njikwa nchekwa dị oke mkpa. Ụlọ ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ na-ejikarị Sistemụ Njikwa Ekesa (DCS) iji nweta nleba anya zuru oke nke usoro a niile, ma webata teknụzụ nyocha ihe ntanetị iji nyochaa ntinye HCN ozugbo, na-ebelata ihe ize ndụ nke ntapu.

3. Ụdị Economy okirikiri

Melite ojiji akụrụngwa site na teknụzụ mmekọ ọnụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike iji carbon dioxide nke a na-emepụta na usoro Andrussow maka mmepụta nke urea, na carbon ojii na-emepụta na Ụzọ pyrolysis mmanụ ọkụ enwere ike iji ya mee ihe dị ka onye na-eme ka rọba na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma, na-emepụta usoro mmepụta ihe na-emechi emechi nke "akụrụngwa - ngwaahịa - ihe mkpofu - ihe eji emegharịgharị".

III. Ihe ịma aka na Ọdịnihu Ọdịnihu

1. Mgbanwe na ọnụ ahịa ihe akụrụngwa

Usoro Andrussow na usoro methanol na-adabere na gas (methane) na coal (dị ka akụrụngwa maka methanol). Mgbanwe nke ọnụ ahịa ike mba ụwa na-emetụta ọnụ ahịa mmepụta ozugbo. Ịmepụta ụzọ akụrụngwa na-abụghị nke fossil (dị ka biomass ruo methanol) bụ isiokwu nyocha na-ekpo ọkụ n'ọdịnihu.

2. Na-abawanye nrụgide nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi

Site na ịgbachi usoro iwu nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ, mmepụta nke sodium cyanide kwesịrị ibelata ntupu nke nitrogen oxides (NOx) na mmiri mkpofu nwere cyanide. Teknụzụ nkewa nke membrane, denitrification catalytic oxidation, na usoro ndị ọzọ ka agbagoro n'ụlọ ọrụ ụfọdụ.

3. Mgbasawanye ngwa ngwa dị elu

Ọchịchọ nke sodium cyanide dị ọcha (ịdị ọcha ≥ 99.9%) na njikọ nke ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe cathode maka batrị lithium-ion na-eto ngwa ngwa, na-akwalite nkwalite nke mmepụta usoro maka nchacha na ịdị ọcha dị elu.

mmechi

Mmepe nke usoro mmepụta sodium cyanide na-amalite mgbe niile na ebumnuche atọ bụ isi nke "nchekwa, arụmọrụ, na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ". N'ọdịnihu, na ọganihu na ike ọhụrụ na teknụzụ nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi, yana njikọ miri emi nke mmepụta ihe dijitalụ, ụlọ ọrụ sodium cyanide ga-anọgide na-ebuli elu na ntụziaka nke obere ume ike, obere mmetọ, na ọnụ ahịa dị elu.