Ngwa dị iche iche nke sodium Cyanide na Organic Synthesis

Okwu Mmalite

sodium cyanide (NaCN), nke nwere usoro kemịkalụ NaCN, bụ kristal ọcha siri ike ma ọ bụ ntụ ntụ nke na-agbaze nke ukwuu na mmiri ma nwee isi almond na-esighị ike, na-elu ilu. N'ihi na ya elu reactivity, ọ hụrụ ọtụtụ ojiji na a dịgasị iche iche nke organic njikọ mmeghachi omume. Otú ọ dị, ọ dị mkpa ịmara nke ahụ sodium cyanide na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu na a ga-ejikwa nlezianya mee ya na n'ụzọ siri ike na usoro nchekwa. Isiokwu a na-enyocha ngwa dị iche iche nke sodium cyanide na organic njikọ.

Ngwa na Organic Synthesis

Mmeghachi omume Strecker

Otu n'ime ndị kasị mma-mara ngwa nke sodium cyanide na organic njikọ bụ na Strecker mmeghachi omume. Mmeghachi omume a bụ usoro dị ike maka njikọ nke α-amino acid. Na mmeghachi omume Strecker, aldehyde ma ọ bụ ketone na-emeghachi omume na ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) na sodium cyanide. Usoro mmeghachi omume izugbe bụ nke a:

1. Nke mbụ, aldehyde ma ọ bụ ketone na-emeghachi omume na ammonia (nke e si na ammonium chloride mepụta) iji mepụta imine. carbonA na-eme ka otu yl nke aldehyde ma ọ bụ ketone dị na proton, na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo eletrọniki. Mgbe ahụ, ammonia na-awakpo carbon carbon nke protonated, wee deprotonation wee mepụta imine.

2. Na-esote, cyanide ion (CN⁻) sitere na sodium cyanide na-arụ ọrụ dị ka nucleophile ma na-awakpo carbon imine. Nke a na-etolite etiti α-amino nitrile.

3. N'ikpeazụ, hydrolysis nke α-amino nitrile n'okpuru ọnọdụ acidic ma ọ bụ isi na-emepụta α-amino acid kwekọrọ.

Mmeghachi omume Strecker na-enye ụzọ kwụ ọtọ isi iwebata ma otu amino na otu carboxyl (mgbe hydrolysis nke nitrile gasịrị) n'otu atom carbon, nke dị oke mkpa maka njikọ nke amino acid, ihe mgbochi protein. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe formaldehyde (HCHO) na-emeghachi omume na ammonium chloride na sodium cyanide, na-esote hydrolysis, glycine (NH₂CH₂COOH), amino acid kachasị mfe, nwere ike nweta.

Nkwadebe nke nitriles

A na-ejikarị sodium cyanide eme ihe maka nkwadebe nke nitriles. Na mmeghachi omume ngbanwe, alkyl halides (dị ka methyl bromide, CH₃Br) na-emeghachi omume na sodium cyanide n'ime ihe mgbaze polar aprotic dị ka dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) ma ọ bụ acetone. Mmeghachi omume na-esite na usoro SN2, ebe ion cyanide na-awakpo carbon atom jikọtara na halogen. Atọm halogen na-apụ n'anya, a na-emepụtakwa alkyl nitrile. Dị ka ọmụmaatụ:

CH₃Br + NaCN → CH₃CN + NaBr

Enwere ike iji sodium cyanide mekọta aryl nitriles n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na mgbanwe ụfọdụ - metal - mmeghachi omume catalyzed, aryl halides nwere ike imeghachi omume na sodium cyanide n'ihu ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ọla kọpa (I) cyanide (CuCN) ma ọ bụ palladium catalysts. Mmeghachi omume a na-enye ohere maka iwebata - CN na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na mgbanaka aromatic, nke bara uru na njikọ nke ọgwụ dị iche iche, agrochemicals, na dyes.

Benzoin condensation

Ngwunye benzoin bụ mmeghachi omume ọzọ dị mkpa ebe sodium cyanide na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa. Na mmeghachi omume a, aldehydes aromatic (aldehydes nwere mgbanaka aromatic, dị ka benzaldehyde, C₆H₅CHO) na-emeghachi omume na ọnụnọ nke catalytic ego nke sodium cyanide na ngwọta mmanya. Usoro mmeghachi omume gụnyere usoro ndị a:

1. Ion cyanide na-ebu ụzọ gbakwunye carbonyl carbon nke benzaldehyde, na-eme dị ka nucleophile. Ngwa mgbakwunye a bụ cyanohydrin - dị ka etiti.

2. Ụgwọ na-adịghị mma na ikuku oxygen nke cyanohydrin - dị ka etiti nwere ike ịwakpo carbonyl carbon nke molekul benzaldehyde ọzọ.

3. Mgbe usoro mbufe proton na mkpochapụ nke ion cyanide gasịrị, a na-emepụta benzoin (α-hydroxy-ketone).

Ngwunye benzoin na-enye ụzọ iji mepụta carbon ọhụrụ - njikọ carbon n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ aldehyde abụọ, nke bara uru na njikọ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị dị mgbagwoju anya. Ọ bụ ezie na n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, a na-eme mgbalị iji dochie sodium cyanide na ihe ndị na-eme ka gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka thiazolium salts ma ọ bụ vitamin B₁, usoro ọdịnala na-eji sodium cyanide eme ihe ka dị mkpa n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.

Mmeghachi omume na mgbakwụnye enweghị afọ ojuju

Sodium cyanide nwekwara ike sonye na mgbakwunye mmeghachi omume na ogige unsaturated. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ebe onye na-emepụta ihe, ọ nwere ike ịgbakwunye na α,β - unsaturated carbonyl compound (dị ka acrolein, CH₂=CHCHO). Mmeghachi omume ahụ na-esote usoro mgbakwunye Michael - ụdị mgbakwunye, ebe ion cyanide na-awakpo β - carbon nke α, β - unsaturated carbonyl compound. Enwere ike iji mmeghachi omume a webata otu cyanomethyl (-CH₂CN) na sistemu na-adịghị mma, nke enwere ike gbanwee gaa n'òtù ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ngwaahịa a na-esi na ya pụta nwere ike ime ka hydrolyzed mee ka carbonxylic acid ma ọ bụ belata ka ọ bụrụ amine.

Ntụle Nchekwa

Dị ka e kwuru na mbụ, sodium cyanide na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu. Ikuku ume, iri nri, ma ọ bụ mmetụ akpụkpọ ahụ na sodium cyanide nwere ike ịnwụ. Ọ na-eji acid emeghachi omume iji mepụta hydrogen cyanide (HCN), gas na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu. Mgbe ị na-ejikwa sodium cyanide, a ga-agbasorịrị usoro nchekwa ndị a:

1. Jiri n'ime mkpuchi anwụrụ ọkụ na-ekuku nke ọma iji gbochie mmepụta nke gas na-egbu egbu.

2. Yiri akụrụngwa nchedo nkeonwe dabara adaba, gụnyere uwe aka, enyo enyo, na uwe ụlọ nyocha. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, enwere ike ịchọ ikuku iku ume.

3. Chekwaa sodium cyanide n'ime akpa echekwara nke dịpụrụ adịpụ na acids na kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ na-emeghachi omume.

4. Nwee atụmatụ nzaghachi ihe mberede kwesịrị ekwesị na akụrụngwa n'ọnọdụ ihe mwụfu ma ọ bụ ihe mberede.

mmechi

Sodium cyanide bụ vasatail na mkpa reagent na organic njikọ. Ọ na-enyere aka guzobe dị iche iche isi ọrụ dị ka amino acids, nitriles, na α-hydroxy- ketones, na-ekere òkè na mkpa carbon - carbon bond-akpụ mmeghachi omume. N'agbanyeghị nsi ya, mgbe ejiri nlezianya na-elekọta ya na nrube isi na ụkpụrụ nchekwa, ọ na-aga n'ihu na-abụ ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa n'ime ngwá ọrụ chemist synthetic maka nkwadebe nke ọtụtụ ogige organic, site na ọgwụ ọgwụ na ezigbo kemịkal. Otú ọ dị, mgbalị nyocha na-aga n'ihu na-elekwasị anya n'ịmepụta ụzọ ọzọ, ụzọ dị nchebe iji nweta otu ihe mgbaru ọsọ synthetic.