Iimfuno ezingqongqo kufuneka zilandelwe njani xa kuhanjiswa i-sodium cyanide?

Sodium i-cyanide yimathiriyeli esisiseko ebalulekileyo yeekhemikhali, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumashishini amaninzi afana nemigodi, i-electroplating, kunye nokuveliswa kweekhemikhali. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yetyhefu ephezulu kakhulu, nakuphi na ukuvuza okanye ukuphathwa ngendlela engafanelekanga ngexesha uthutho kunokubangela ingozi enkulu kwimpilo yabantu nakwimekobume. Ngoko ke, ukuthuthwa kwe Isodium cyanide kufuneka ihambelane neemfuno ezingqongqo.

1. Ukuthotyelwa koMgaqo

1.1 INkqubo-sikhokelo yoMthetho

Kumazwe amaninzi, ukuthuthwa kwe -sodium cyanide kulawulwa ngokungqongqo yimithetho nemigaqo efanelekileyo. Umzekelo, e-United States, iSebe lezoThutho (i-DOT) linemigaqo eneenkcukacha kwiKhowudi yeMigaqo ye-Federal (CFR), iSihloko 49. Le mithetho igubungela imiba efana nokupakishwa, ukulebhelisha, ukubeka iiplacard, kunye nokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi bezothutho. E-China, "iMigqaliselo yoLawulo loKhuseleko lweeKhemikhali eziyingozi" ichaza ngokucacileyo iimfuno zolawulo lokhuseleko lokuthuthwa kweekhemikhali ezinobungozi kakhulu njenge- Sodium cyanide . Abathumeli ngaphandle kufuneka bafumane iimvume zokuthumela ngaphandle iikhemikhali ezilawulwayo kwiigunya zelizwe ngaphambi kokuba zithunyelwe ngaphandle, kwaye kufuneka isatifikethi sokusetyenziswa sokugqibela ukuze kufunyanwe imvume yokuthumela ngaphandle.

1.2 Amaphepha-mvume kunye neeLayisenisi

Iinkampani zothutho kufuneka zifumane iimvume ezithile kunye neelayisensi zokuthutha i-sodium cyanide. La maphepha-mvume adla ngokukhutshwa ngamasebe karhulumente afanelekileyo emva kophononongo olubanzi lwenkqubo yolawulo lokhuseleko lwenkampani, izixhobo zothutho, kunye neziqinisekiso zabasebenzi bayo. Ngokomzekelo, ekuthuthweni kwempahla eyingozi kwi-European Union, iinkampani kufuneka zihambelane ne-ADR (IsiVumelwano saseYurophu esiphathelele kwi-International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road) imigaqo kwaye zifumane izatifikethi eziyimfuneko ze-ADR.

2. UkuPakisha kunye nokuFakwa kweelebhile

2.1 IiMathiriyeli zokuPakisha

• I-Sodium Cyanide Eqinileyo : I-sodium cyanide eqinileyo idla ngokuhanjiswa kwiidrama zentsimbi ezinobunzima obuyi-50 kg. Ezi drums zixhotyiswe ngeengxowa ze-PE zangaphakathi ukuthintela ukuvuza. Iibhokisi zeplywood ezinobunzima obuyi-1000 kg, ezifakwe iingxowa ezilukiweyo ze-PE zangaphakathi kunye ne-PP, nazo zisetyenziswa rhoqo. Izinto zokupakisha kufuneka zingabi nagqwala kwaye zibe namandla aneleyo okumelana nokuphathwa okuqhelekileyo kunye nokuthuthwa.

• Isisombululo seSodium Cyanide : I-sodium cyanide enamanzi idla ngokuhanjiswa kwiinkqubo "eziqinileyo" (ezivaliweyo). Kwizithuthi zikaloliwe, ilayishwa okanye ithululwe kwiimoto zikaloliwe ngeepayipi zamakhemikhali okanye iingalo zokulayisha ezifakwe kwi-PTFE. Iilori zetanki ezisetyenziselwa ukuthutha isisombululo se-sodium cyanide kufuneka zihlangabezane neemfuno ze-DOT ezimiselweyo, ezifana neekhonteyina ze-MC 307 okanye iikhonteyina ze-ISO zekhemikhali ezinoxinzelelo oluphantsi. Zonke iitreyila kufuneka zixhotyiswe ngeevalvu zokunciphisa uxinzelelo, kwaye ezo zineendawo zokuphuma ezisezantsi kufuneka zixhotyiswe ngeevalvu zokumisa ezilawulwa kude.

2.2 Ukuleyibhile kunye nokuPlakhadi

• Iileyibhile Zesilumkiso : Zonke iipakethe ezine-sodium cyanide mazibhalwe ngokucacileyo iileyibhile zesilumkiso. Ezi leyibhile mazibonise igama lekhemikhali, uhlobo lwayo olunobuthi, kunye nezilumkiso ezinobungozi ezifunekayo, ezifana nethi "Poison," "Toxic by Inhalation," kunye nethi "Danger: Can Cause Death." Iileyibhile mazibhalwe ngolwimi oluqondakala lula kwindawo yothutho.

• Iibhodi : Izithuthi ezithutha i-sodium cyanide kufuneka zibonise iibhodi ezifanelekileyo kuzo zone iicala. Ezi bhodi zinkulu, zineempawu ezimile okwedayimani ezichaza ngokucacileyo uhlobo oluyingozi lomthwalo. Kwi-sodium cyanide, ibhodi iya kubonisa inombolo ye-UN (UN1689 ye-sodium cyanide eqinileyo kunye ne-UN3414 yesisombululo se-sodium cyanide), udidi (Udidi 6.1. olumele izinto ezinobuthi), kunye nophawu olufanelekileyo lobungozi.

3. Izixhobo zoThutho kunye neMiqathango

3.1 IiMfuno zeSithuthi

• UkuThuthwa kooLoliwe : I-Sodium cyanide idla ngokuthunyelwa kwiimoto zetanki ezingama-26.000 - iigaloni ze-DOT - iimoto zetanki ezili-111 ezigqunyiweyo okanye ezingagqunywanga ezineevalvu zokhuseleko. Iimoto zetanki zinobubanzi obungaphandle obumalunga neenyawo ezili-9 kunye nobude obupheleleyo obuziinyawo ezingama-45 - 55, kunye nokuvula okuphakathi kwe-6' x 6' okanye ukuvuleka kweebhokisi zokuphahlazeka. Iimoto zetanki kufuneka zihlolwe rhoqo ukuba azinazo naziphi na iimpawu zokugqwala, ukuvuza, okanye umonakalo.

• Uthutho Lwendlela : Iilori zetanki ezisetyenziselwa ukuthutha i-sodium cyanide kufuneka zihlangabezane nemigangatho yokhuseleko engqongqo. Zifanele zixhotyiswe ngezixhobo zokhuseleko ezifana neevalvu zokuvala ngexesha likaxakeka, iigeyiji zoxinzelelo, kunye nokhuseleko lokungaqengqeleki. Izithuthi kufuneka zibe nenkqubo yokuqhobosheka ethembekileyo kwaye zigcinwe kakuhle ukuqinisekisa uthutho olukhuselekileyo endleleni.

• UkuThuthwa Ngeenqwelo-moya : Xa kuthuthwa i-sodium cyanide ngomoya, kufuneka amanyathelo akhethekileyo okhuseleko. Umzekelo, kwimeko apho iitoni ezingama-25.7 ze-cyanide zazifuneka zithuthwe ukusuka eXi'an ukuya eMongolia, umthwali wathabatha amanyathelo amaninzi okhuseleko. Impahla yayipakishwe ngendlela "yephakheji yangaphakathi yengxowa evaliweyo + iphakheji yangaphandle yedrama yentsimbi". Iidrama zentsimbi ezizaliswe yi-sodium cyanide zazinamathele ngokuqinileyo kwitreyi yoxinzelelo ukuthintela ukungqubana nokuhamba ngexesha lokuhamba ngenqwelo-moya. Iinqwelo-moya zihlala zibeka abasebenzi beenqwelo-moya abanamava kwiinqwelo-moya ezikhethekileyo zempahla.

3.2 IiMeko zokusiNgqongileyo

• Ulawulo Lobushushu Nokufuma : I-Sodium cyanide kufuneka ithuthwe kwindawo ethintela amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye nokufuma. Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu anokunyusa umngcipheko weempembelelo zeekhemikhali, kwaye ukufuma kunokubangela ukuba i-sodium cyanide eqinileyo ifunxe ukufuma kwaye inokukhupha igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide enobuthi. Izithuthi kunye neendawo zokugcina kufuneka zixhotyiswe ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokulawula ubushushu kunye nokufuma ukuba kuyimfuneko.

• Ukuphepha Umothuko Nokungcangcazela : Ngexesha lokuthuthwa, imoto kufuneka iphephe ukothuka nokungcangcazela okugqithisileyo. Ukuqhuba kakubi, njengokuqhobosha rhoqo ngequbuliso kunye nokujika ngokukhawuleza, kunokubangela ukuba iipakethe zingqubane kwaye zingonakalisa upakisho, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuvuzeni. Ke ngoko, abaqhubi kufuneka baqeqeshwe ukuqhuba kakuhle kwaye baphephe iimeko ezinjalo.

4. UQeqesho lwaBasebenzi kunye neMiqathango yoKhuseleko

4.1 IiMfuno zoQeqesho

• Uqeqesho Lokwazisa Ngokubanzi : Bonke abasebenzi ababandakanyeka ekuthuthweni kwe-sodium cyanide, kuquka abaqhubi, ii-loaders, kunye nabaphathi, kufuneka bafumane uqeqesho lokwazisa ngokubanzi ngezinto ezinobungozi. Olu qeqesho luquka ulwazi ngeempawu ze-sodium cyanide, iingozi ezinokubakho, kunye neenkqubo zokhuseleko ezisisiseko ekufuneka zilandelwe.

• Uqeqesho Oluthile Lomsebenzi : Abasebenzi kufuneka bafumane uqeqesho oluthile oluphathelele imisebenzi yabo. Umzekelo, abaqhubi kufuneka bazi indlela yokusabela kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo ngexesha lokuthuthwa, njengokuchitheka okanye ingozi yemoto. Abalayishi kufuneka baqeqeshwe kwiinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokulayisha nokukhulula impahla ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwempahla kunye nabo.

• Uqeqesho Oluphindaphindwayo : Uqeqesho oluphindaphindwayo rhoqo luyimfuneko ukuze kugcinwe ulwazi nezakhono zabasebenzi zisexesheni. Oku kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba bahlala beyazi imithetho yamva nje yokhuseleko kunye neendlela ezilungileyo zokuthuthwa kwe-sodium cyanide.

4.2 Amanyathelo okhuseleko

• Izixhobo zokuzikhusela zoMntu (PPE) : Xa bephethe i-sodium cyanide, bonke abasebenzi kufuneka banxibe i-PPE efanelekileyo. Oku kuquka iiglavu zerabha, ii-aproni, iibhutsi, iiglasi zokukhusela uthuli okanye iimaski zegesi. I-PPE inceda ekuthinteleni ukudibana ngqo neekhemikhali kunye nokuphefumla umsi wayo onetyhefu.

• Umoya ongenisa umoya : Iindawo zokulayisha nokukhupha umoya, kunye nangaphakathi kwezithuthi zothutho, kufuneka zingene kakuhle emoyeni. Umoya ongenisa umoya ongenisa umoya unokunciphisa uxinano lweegesi ezinobuthi emoyeni kwaye unciphise umngcipheko wokuphefumla ngabasebenzi. Kwiindawo apho i-sodium cyanide iphathwa khona ixesha elide, kufuneka kufakwe izixhobo zomoya ezisebenzisa umatshini.

• Izicwangciso Zokuphendula Kwiingxamiseko : Iinkampani zothutho kufuneka zibe nezicwangciso ezineenkcukacha zokuphendula kwiingxamiseko. Ezi zicwangciso mazichaze iinkqubo ekufuneka zilandelwe xa kuchitheka, kuvuza, okanye kwezinye iimeko ezingxamisekileyo. Ezi zicwangciso mazibandakanye ulwazi loqhagamshelwano lweearhente ezifanelekileyo zokuphendula kwiingxamiseko, ezifana namasebe omlilo asekuhlaleni, iiarhente zokukhusela okusingqongileyo, kunye namaziko okulawula ityhefu.

5. UkuPhendula ngokuNgxamisekileyo kunye noLawulo lokuSila

5.1 Isicwangciso sokuPhendula ngokuNgxamisekileyo

• Iinkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo kwangaphambili : Kwimeko yengozi okanye ukuchitheka okubandakanya i-sodium cyanide, isicwangciso sokuphendula ngokukhawuleza esicwangcisiweyo kufuneka sisebenze ngoko nangoko. Isicwangciso kufuneka sichaze amanyathelo ekufuneka athathwe ukukhusela ubomi babantu, ukuthintela ukusasazeka kokuchitheka, kunye nokunciphisa umonakalo ongqongileyo. Umzekelo, kufuneka sichaze indlela yokukhupha indawo engqongileyo, indlela yokuthintela ukuchitheka, kunye nendlela yokuthintela i-sodium cyanide.

• Unxibelelwano : Unxibelelwano olucacileyo nolusebenzayo lubalulekile ngexesha likaxakeka. Inkampani yezothutho kufuneka yazise ngokukhawuleza ii-arhente zasekuhlaleni eziphendula ngokukhawuleza, kunye namagunya olawulo afanelekileyo. Ukongeza, kufuneka kusekwe iindlela zonxibelelwano kunye noluntu olungqongileyo ukuze lubazise ngemeko kunye nayo nayiphi na imiqathango yokukhupha okanye yokhuseleko efunekayo.

5.2 Ulawulo lokuchitheka

• Ukuthintela : Xa kuchitheka, inyathelo lokuqala kukuthintela i-sodium cyanide ukuthintela ukusasazeka kwayo. Oku kungenziwa kusetyenziswa izinto ezifunxayo, ezifana nesanti okanye ii-boom zokulawula ukuchitheka okukhethekileyo. Indawo ejikeleze ukuchitheka kufuneka ivalwe ukuze kuthintelwe ukufikelela okungagunyaziswanga.

• Ukungashukumi : I-hydrogen cyanide engamanzi (eveliswa xa i-sodium cyanide idibana namanzi) kunye nayo nayiphi na i-sodium cyanide eseleyo kufuneka ingashukumi. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ii-oxidizing agents ezinamandla ezifana ne-hydrogen peroxide okanye i-sodium thiosulfate zingasetyenziswa. Inkqubo yokungashukumi kufuneka yenziwe ziingcali eziqeqeshiweyo zilandela iinkqubo zokhuseleko ezingqongqo.

• Ukucoca nokuLahla : Emva kokucocwa, izinto ezingcolisiweyo, kuquka izinto ezifunxayo kunye nalo naluphi na umhlaba okanye amanzi achaphazelekileyo kukuchitheka, kufuneka zicocwe kwaye zilahlwe ngokufanelekileyo. Oku kudla ngokubandakanya ukuthutha izinto ukuya kwindawo yokulahla inkunkuma enobungozi enelayisenisi ukuze ziphathwe ngokukhuselekileyo.

Ukuqukumbela, ukuthuthwa kwe-sodium cyanide ngumsebenzi olawulwa kakhulu kwaye obalulekileyo kukhuseleko. Ngokuthobela ngokungqongqo zonke iimfuno ezinxulumene nokuThotyelwa kweMithetho , ukupakishwa, izixhobo zothutho, uqeqesho lwabasebenzi, kunye nokuphendula ngokukhawuleza, iingozi ezinxulumene nokuthutha le khemikhali inobungozi kakhulu zinokuncitshiswa ngempumelelo, kuqinisekiswe ukhuseleko lwabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo.