Zeziphi izinto eziphuma kwiMichiza enokuthi iSodium Cyanide isetyenziswe ukulungisa?

I-Sodium cyanide (NaCN) yinto enobungozi kakhulu kodwa ebalulekileyo kwikhemikhali. Idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhlanganiseni ii-Chemical derivatives ezahlukeneyo ngenxa ye-reactivity yeqela le-cyanide (-CN). Nazi ezinye zee-chemical derivatives eziphambili ezinokulungiswa kusetyenziswa i-Sodium cyanide :

Iinorganic Cyanide Derivatives

1. I-Ferro cyanides : I-Sodium cyanide iphendula kunye neetyuwa zesinyithi ukuvelisa i-ferro Cyanides . Umzekelo, ukusabela kwe- Sodium Cyanide kunye ne-ferrous sulfate kunokuvelisa i-sodium ferrocyanide (Na₄[Fe(CN)₆]). Le khompawundi isetyenziswa kakhulu ekuveliseni imibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka efana ne-Prussian blue, kwaye ikwasetyenziswa kwishishini lokutya njenge-arhente yokulwa netyuwa. Ukusabela kweekhemikhali kungamelwa ngolu hlobo:

6NaCN + FeSO₄ → Na₄[Fe(CN)₆] + Na₂SO₄

2. IiComplexes zeCyanide zeMetals : I-Sodium cyanide inokwenza iicomplexes ezinee-ions ezininzi zesinyithi. Umzekelo, xa kukhutshelwa igolide nesilivere, xa kukho ioksijini, igolide nesilivere zisabela kunye ne -sodium cyanide ukuze zenze iicomplexes ze-cyanide zesinyithi ezinyibilikayo. Kwigolide, impendulo yile ilandelayo:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH

Ezi zakhiwo zetsimbi - cyanide ziphinda zicutshungulwe ukuze kufumaneke iintsimbi ezisulungekileyo. Ukongeza kwigolide kunye nesilivere, i-sodium cyanide inokwenza ii-complexes ezineentsimbi ezifana nobhedu, i-zinc, kunye ne-nickel, enezicelo kwi-electroplating nakwamanye amashishini. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-electroplating, i-metal - i-cyanide complexes isetyenziswa njenge-electrolytes ukuqinisekisa ukufakwa okugudileyo kunye nokufana okufanayo kwesinyithi kwi-substrate.

I-Organic Cyanide Derivatives

1. Iimveliso zeMalonic Acid : I-Sodium cyanide isetyenziswa ekuhlanganiseni izinto eziphuma kwi-malonic acid. Enye inkqubo eqhelekileyo kukuphendula i-sodium cyanide kunye ne-chloroacetic acid ukuze kwenziwe i-cyanoacetic acid kuqala. Impendulo yile:

ClCH₂COOH + NaCN → NCCH₂COOH + NaCl

I-cyanoacetic acid inokuphinda iqiniswe ngakumbi ukuvelisa i-malonic acid esters, efana ne-diethyl malonate. I-Malonic acid derivatives zizinto ezibalulekileyo zokwakha kwi-organic synthesis, ngokukodwa kwi-synthesis of pharmaceuticals, idayi, kunye neencasa. Zihlala zisetyenziswa kwi Knoevenagel condensation kunye nezinye reactions ukwakha iimolekyuli eziphilayo ezinzima ngakumbi.

2. IiNitrile Compounds : I-Sodium cyanide ingasetyenziselwa ukuguqula ii-haloalkanes okanye ii-aryl halides zibe zii-nitriles ngokusebenzisa ii-nucleophilic substitution reactions. Umzekelo, xa i-bromoethane isabela kwi-sodium cyanide, i-propionitrile yenziwa:

CH₃CH₂Br + NaCN → CH₃CH₂CN + NaBr

I-Nitriles zikhompawundi eziguquguqukayo. Ziyakwazi i-hydrolyzed ukwenza i-carboxylic acids, iyancipha ibe yi-amines, okanye isetyenziswe kwi-synthesis ye-heterocyclic compounds. Kwishishini lamachiza, amachiza amaninzi aqukethe amaqela asebenzayo e-nitrile, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kwi-synthesis ye-nitriles kunika indlela ebalulekileyo yokulungiswa kwezi ziyobisi.

3.IiCyanohydrins : IiAldehydes kunye neeketones zinokusabela kunye ne-sodium cyanide xa kukho i-acid catalyst ukuze zenze i-cyanohydrins. Umzekelo, indlela i-acetone esabela ngayo kunye ne-sodium cyanide:

(CH₃)₂CO + NaCN + H⁺ → (CH₃)₂C(OH)CN + Na⁺

IiCyanohydrins ziluncedo phakathi kwi-organic synthesis. Zinokuguqulwa ngakumbi zibe ngamaqela ahlukeneyo asebenzayo, afana ne-carboxylic acids, i-amines, kunye ne-alcohol, ngokuphendula kweekhemikhali ezifanelekileyo. Kwi-synthesis yezinye iimveliso zendalo kunye namayeza, i-cyanohydrins idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwakheni i-carbon - skeleton kunye nokwazisa amaqela asebenzayo.

4. Izinto eziphuma kwiTriazine : Kwimveliso yeekhompawundi ezifana nemelamine, i-sodium cyanide inokubandakanyeka kwinethiwekhi yokusabela. Nangona impendulo ethe ngqo inokuba nzima kwaye idla ngokubandakanya amanyathelo amaninzi, iqela le-cyanide elivela kwi-sodium cyanide linegalelo ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo se-triazine ring. I-Melamine isetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso yeplastiki, izincamathelisi, kunye neengubo. Omnye umzekelo kukwenziwa kwe-cyanuric chloride (i-trichlorotriazine), eyinxalenye ebalulekileyo kwimveliso ye-herbicides, i-pesticides, kunye needayi ezisabelayo. Ukwenziwa kwe-cyanuric chloride evela kwi-sodium cyanide kudla ngokubandakanya uthotho lweempendulo kuquka i-chlorination ye-cyanide - precursors ezinxulumene nayo.

5. Ii-Amino Acids kunye neeMveliso zazo : Kwezinye iindlela zokwenziwa kwee-amino acids, i-sodium cyanide ingasetyenziswa. Umzekelo, kwi-Strecker synthesis yee-amino acids, i-aldehyde okanye i-ketone isabela kunye ne-ammonia kunye ne-sodium cyanide ukwenza i-aminonitrile intermediate, ethi emva koko i-hydrolyzed ibe yi-amino acid ehambelanayo. Ukuqala nge-aldehyde RCHO, iimpendulo zezi zilandelayo:

RCHO + NH₃ + NaCN → RCH(NH₂)CN + NaOH

RCH(NH₂)CN + 2H₂O + H⁺ → RCH(NH₃⁺)COOH + Cl⁻

Ii-amino acids ziibhloko zokwakha zeeprotheyini kwaye zisebenza ngokubanzi kumashishini okutya, amayeza, kunye nezokuthambisa.

Kufuneka kugxininiswe ukuba ngenxa yetyhefu ephezulu ye-sodium cyanide, amanyathelo okhuseleko angqongqo kunye neenkqubo zokuphatha kufuneka zilandelwe ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kwayo ekulungiseleleni ezi mveliso zemichiza ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi kunye nokusingqongileyo.