Kuchazwe Amakhemikhali Abalulekile Asetshenziswa Embonini Yezimayini

Imboni yezimayini ithembele kakhulu kumakhemikhali ahlukahlukene ukuze ikhiphe futhi icubungule amaminerali. Lawa makhemikhali abalulekile ekwandiseni ukukhiqiza kanye nokwenza ngcono izinga lokululama. Adlala indima ebalulekile ezinqubweni ezinjengokuntanta, ukukhishwa kwezinyibilikisi, kanye ne-leaching, okusiza ukuhlukanisa amaminerali abalulekile nensimbi.

Ngaphandle kwalawa makhemikhali abalulekile, imboni yezimayini izobhekana nezinselele ezinkulu ekuzuzeni ukukhiqizwa kwezimbiwa okuphumelelayo nezinzile. Ukubaluleka kwazo akunakugcizelelwa, njengoba zineqhaza empumelelweni jikelele nasekusimameni kwemisebenzi yezimayini.

Nalu uhlu lwamakhemikhali ayishumi aphezulu ezimayini:

1. Ama-cyanides

2. I-Sulfuric Acid

3. IHydrochloric Acid

4.  Ama-Flotation Reagents

5.  Ama-Flocculants kanye nama-coagulants

6. I-Sodium carbonate (i-Soda Ash)

7. I-calcium hydroxide
   

8. I-ammonium nitrate

9. Ikhabhoni Esebenzayo

10. I-Xanthates

Lesi sihloko sihlinzeka ngemininingwane eningiliziwe yamakhemikhali abalulekile ayishumi aphezulu asetshenziswa embonini yezimayini, kanye nezinzuzo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo.

1. I-Sodium Cyanide

Ama-cyanides ayikhemikhali ebalulekile embonini yezimayini, ikakhulukazi ekukhishweni kwegolide nesiliva. Bakha ama-complexes ngegolide, okuvumela ukuthi ihlukaniswe ne-ore.

Izinzuzo of ama-cyanides zihlanganisa ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko. Kodwa-ke, anobuthi obukhulu futhi adinga izinyathelo zokuphepha eziqinile kanye nemithethonqubo yemvelo ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa nokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa okuphephile.

Izinzuzo:

• Ukusebenza Okuphezulu: Ama-Cyanides asebenza kahle kakhulu ekukhipheni igolide nesiliva kuma-ore.

• Izindleko Ezisebenzayo: Zinikeza indlela yokonga yokukhipha insimbi eyigugu.

• Ukusabela Okusheshayo: Inqubo yamakhemikhali iyashesha uma kuqhathaniswa, inciphisa isikhathi sokucubungula.

Izicelo:

• I-Gold Extraction: Ama-Cyanides asetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ohlelweni lokukhipha igolide.

• I-Silver Extraction: Zibuye zisetshenziselwe ukukhipha isiliva ku-ores.

• Ukusebenza Kwezimayini: Ama-Cyanides asetshenziswa kokubili emisebenzini yezimayini emikhulu nencane.

2. I-Sulfur Acid

I-Sulphuric acid isetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yezimayini ukucwiliswa kanye nokucutshungulwa kwensimbi, ikakhulukazi ekukhishweni kwethusi ne-uranium. Ukusebenza kabusha kwayo okuphezulu kuyivumela ukuthi ihlakaze ngempumelelo izinsimbi ngaphakathi kwe-ore. I-Sulfuric acid ibalulekile ekukhipheni izinsimbi ezibalulekile futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa ezinqubweni ezihlukahlukene ze-hydrometallurgical.

Izinzuzo

• Ukusebenza Okuphakeme Kakhulu: I-Sulfuric acid ingancibilikisa izinsimbi ngempumelelo kuma-ore.

• I-Versatility: Ingasetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinqubo zokukhipha amaminerali.

• Ukutholakala: I-Sulfuric acid itholakala kabanzi futhi iyonga imali.

Izicelo

• I-Copper Extraction: Isetshenziselwa inqubo yokukhipha ithusi ku-ores.

• Ukucutshungulwa kwe-Uranium: Ibalulekile ekukhishweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwe-uranium.

• Ukucutshungulwa kwe-Ore: Kuqashwe ezinqubweni ezahlukahlukene ze-hydrometallurgical ukukhipha izinsimbi ezibalulekile.

3. I-Hydrochloric Acid

IHydrochloric acid ingelinye ikhemikhali elibalulekile ekucutshungulweni kwe-ore kanye nokucwengisiswa kwensimbi. Kuyi-asidi eqinile esiza ekubuyiseni izinsimbi ngokuncibilikisa ukungcola nokuhlukanisa amaminerali abalulekile. I-Hydrochloric acid isetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yokucubungula izimbiwa ukuze kukhishwe futhi kuhlanzwe izinsimbi.

Izinzuzo

• I-asidi eqinile: Ingakwazi ukuncibilikisa ukungcola futhi ihlukanise izinsimbi.

• Ukuvuselelwa kwensimbi: Kuthuthukisa amandla okubuyisela izinsimbi ezinsimbi.

• Ukusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene: Ilungele imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yokucubungula amaminerali.

Izicelo

• Ukucutshungulwa kwensimbi: Isetshenziswa ekucubunguleni insimbi ehlukahlukene.

• Ukucwenga insimbi: Kuyasiza ekuhlanzeni nasekukhipheni izinsimbi.

• Ukwelapha imfucuza: Isetshenziselwa ukuphatha kanye nokwenza lula imfucuza yasezimayini.

4. Ama-reagents e-Flotation

Ama-reagents e-Flotation ahlanganisa ama-frothers, abaqoqi kanye nezilungisi, ezibalulekile enqubweni yokuntanta kwamagwebu yokuhlukanisa amaminerali nezinsimbi. Lawa makhemikhali athuthukisa ukuhlukaniswa kwamaminerali futhi andise izinga lokululama ngokushintsha izakhiwo ezingaphezulu zamaminerali. Ama-Frothers angakwazi ukukhiqiza amagwebu azinzile, abaqoqi bangathuthukisa i-hydrophobicity, futhi izilungisi zingalungisa inani le-pH ukuze kuzuzwe umphumela wokuhlukanisa olungile.

Izinzuzo

• Ukuhlukaniswa okuthuthukisiwe: Qinisa ukuhlukaniswa kwamaminerali ku-ores.

• Ukwenyuka kwezinga lokululama: Ukwenza ngcono izinga lokutholwa kwezimbiwa ezibalulekile.

• Inqubo elungiselelwe: Thuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo yokuntanta.

Izicelo

• I-Froth flotation: Isetshenziswa ohlelweni lokuntanta kwamagwebu ukuhlukanisa amaminerali.

• Ukucutshungulwa kwezimbiwa: Kubalulekile kakhulu ukuze kuzuzwe ore ehlukahlukene.

• Ukugxilwa kwe-ore: Faka isandla ekugxiliseni amaminerali abalulekile ukuze aqhubeke nokusebenza.

5. Ama-Flocculants nama-coagulants

Ama-flocculants nama-coagulant asetshenziswa ezinqubweni zokuhlukanisa uketshezi oluqinile embonini yezimayini. Basiza ukuhlanganisa izinhlayiya ezinhle, ukuthuthukisa ukucaca kanye ne-sedimentation. Lawa makhemikhali abalulekile ekuhlanzeni amanzi angcolile, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi akhishwe emisebenzini yezimayini ahlangabezana nezindinganiso zemvelo.

Izinzuzo

• Ukucaca Okuthuthukisiwe: Kuthuthukisa ukucaca kwamanzi acutshunguliwe.

• I-Sedimentation engcono: Izinsiza ekushiseni kwezinhlayiya ezinhle.

• Ukuthobela Imvelo: Iqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi angcolile ahlangabezana nezindinganiso zemvelo.

Izicelo

• Ukuhlukaniswa Kwe-Solid-Liquid: Kusetshenziswa ekuhlukaniseni izinto eziqinile neziwuketshezi ezinqubweni zezimayini.

• Ukuhlanza Amanzi Angcolile: Abalulekile ekuhlanzeni amanzi akhishwe emisebenzini yezimayini.

• I-Sludge Dewatering: Isiza ekukhipheni amanzi nasekulawuleni udaka lwezimayini.

6. I-Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash)

Sodium I-CarbonI-ate, noma i-soda ash, isetshenziswa ekulawuleni i-pH kanye nemisebenzi yokuncibilikisa. Iyikhemikhali engabizi futhi esebenza kahle esiza ekukhipheni igolide, ithusi kanye ne-lead. I-soda ash ibalulekile ekugcineni amazinga e-pH afanele phakathi nezinqubo ezahlukene zokumba, okuthuthukisa ukubuyiswa kwensimbi.

Izinzuzo

• Ukulawula i-pH: Ilawula kahle amazinga e-pH ezinqubweni zezimayini.

• Ingabizi kakhulu: Ukukhetha ukonga kwezicelo ezahlukahlukene zezimayini.

• Ukubuyiswa Kwensimbi Okuthuthukisiwe: Kuthuthukisa amazinga okutholwa kwezinsimbi njengegolide nethusi.

Izicelo

• Ukukhipha Igolide: Kusetshenziselwa ukulawula i-pH phakathi nezinqubo zokukhipha igolide.

• I-Copper Smelting: Isiza ekuncibilikiseni nasekukhipheni ithusi.

• Ukumbiwa Kwezimayini Okuholayo: Kuqashwe ekukhishweni komthofu ematsheni awo.

7.I-calcium hydroxide

Umcako usetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yezimayini ukulawula i-pH nokwelashwa kwamanzi. Ichichima futhi iyonga, ikwenza kube ukukhetha okudumile ekunciphiseni imfucuza yasezimayini ene-asidi nokwelapha amanzi angcolile. I-Lime iqinisekisa ukuthi amazinga e-pH ayagcinwa, avimbele ukulimala kwemvelo.

Izinzuzo

• Inala: Itholakala kalula futhi iyonga.

• I-pH Regulation: Inciphisa ngempumelelo imfucuza yasezimayini ene-acidic.

• Ukuphepha Kwemvelo: Kuqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi aphuma ezimayini aphephile.

Izicelo

• Ukwelashwa Kwamanzi: Kusetshenziselwa ukwelapha kanye nokwenza amanzi ane-acidic angasebenzi emisebenzini yezimayini.

• I-pH Regulation: Igcina amazinga e-pH phakathi nezinqubo ezihlukahlukene zezimayini.

• Ukuphathwa Kwemfucuza: Kubalulekile ekuphathweni kwezinsalela zemayini kanye nemfucuza.

8. I-Ammonium Nitrate

I-Ammonium nitrate iyisiqhumane esinamandla nesithembekile esisetshenziswa emisebenzini yezimayini. Isetshenziselwa ukuhlakaza ukwakheka kwamatshe kanye nokwenza lula ukukhishwa kwamaminerali. Ngenxa yemvelo yayo yokuqhuma, izinyathelo zokuphepha eziqinile ziyadingeka ukuze kuphathwe futhi kugcinwe I-ammonium nitrate ngokuphepha.

Izinzuzo

• Ukuqhuma Okunamandla: Kusebenza kahle kakhulu ekuhlukaniseni ukwakheka kwamadwala.

• Okuthembekile: Ihlinzeka ngokusebenza okungaguquki emisebenzini yezimayini.

• Ukusetshenziswa okulawulwayo: Kungalawulwa ngokunembile ukuze kusetshenziswe ngokuphephile.

Izicelo

• Ukuqhuma: Kusetshenziswa njengesiqhumane ezimayini ukuphahlaza amatshe.

• I-Rock Fragmentation: Ibalulekile ekuhlukaniseni amatshe ukuze kufinyelele amaminerali.

• Ukusebenza Kwezimayini: Kusetshenziswa kakhulu kokubili ezimayini zangaphezulu nezingaphansi komhlaba.

9. Kuvulwa iCarbon

Ikhabhoni ecushiwe ibalulekile ekukhishweni kwegolide ngenqubo ye-adsorption. Inamandla okukhangisa aphezulu, okwenza iphumelele ekuthwebuleni igolide kusuka i-cyanide izixazululo. Ikhabhoni ecushiwe iyakwazi ukuphinda isetshenziswe, okuyenza ikhethe ukonga ukuthola igolide embonini yezimayini.

Izinzuzo

• Amandla E-Adsorption Ephezulu: Ithwebula kahle igolide kusuka kuzixazululo ze-cyanide.

• Ukusebenziseka kabusha: Kungasetshenziswa kabusha izikhathi eziningi, kuncishiswe izindleko.

• Isebenza kahle: Isebenza kahle kakhulu ezinqubweni zokuthola igolide.

Izicelo

• Ukukhishwa Kwegolide: Kusetshenziswa kunqubo ye-adsorption ukuthola igolide.

• Ukwelapha Amanzi: Kuyasiza ekwelapheni amanzi ngokususa ukungcola.

• I-Precious Metal Recovery: Iqashwe ekubuyiseni ezinye izinsimbi eziyigugu.

10. AmaXanthate

Ama-Xanthate abaqoqi abasetshenziswa enqubweni yokuntanta ukuze bahlukanise amaminerali e-sulfide nensimbi. Ayasebenza futhi ahlukahlukene, athuthukisa i-hydrophobicity yamaminerali aqondiwe futhi athuthukise amazinga okubuyisela. I-Xanthate ivame ukusetshenziswa ekucubunguleni amaminerali e-sulfide. idlala indima ebalulekile ekusizeni insimbi.

Izinzuzo

• Abaqoqi Abasebenzayo: Thuthukisa i-hydrophobicity yamaminerali, esiza ekuhlukaniseni.

• I-Versatile: Ingasetshenziswa nezinhlobo ezahlukene zamaminerali.

• Amazinga Anyusiwe Okubuyisela: Ithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokubuyiswa kwezimbiwa.

Izicelo

• Izinqubo Zokuntanta: Isetshenziswa njengabaqoqi ku-froth flotation ukuhlukanisa amaminerali e-sulfide.

• Ukuhlomula Kwezimbiwa: Okubalulekile ekusizeni ama-sulfide ores.

• Ukucutshungulwa kwe-Ore: Isiza ekucubungulweni nasekugxilweni kwe-ores ehlukahlukene.

Isiphetho

Amakhemikhali ayi-10 aphezulu esikhulume ngawo abalulekile embonini yezimayini, ngalinye lidlala indima ebalulekile ezigabeni ezihlukahlukene zokumbiwa nokucutshungulwa kwezimbiwa. Kusukela ekuthuthukiseni amazinga okubuyisela kabusha kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa kwensimbi kuya ekuqinisekiseni ukuphepha kwemvelo, lawa makhemikhali abalulekile ekukhiqizeni amaminerali asezingeni eliphezulu.

Lawa makhemikhali emboni yezimayini aneqhaza ekusebenzeni kwezimayini ngendlela eyongayo futhi ebhekele imvelo, okuyenza ibaluleke kakhulu embonini.

Uma uneminye imicabango noma imibuzo mayelana nalawa makhemikhali, zizwe ukhululekile ukwabelana ngawo kumazwana angezansi.