Sodium Cyanide Electroplating Usoro Zinc: Nyocha zuru oke

Okwu Mmalite

Electroplating bụ usoro a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche iji mee ka ihe ndị dị n'elu ígwè dịkwuo mma. N'etiti ụzọ electroplating dị iche iche, sodium Cyanide electroplating zinc nwere ọnọdụ dị mkpa n'ihi njirimara na uru pụrụ iche ya. Isiokwu a na-achọ inye nyocha zuru ezu nke usoro zinc electroplating sodium cyanide , na-ekpuchi ụkpụrụ ya, usoro usoro ya, nhazi bat, na ihe ndị a na-atụle n'ọrụ.

Ụkpụrụ nke sodium Cyanide Electroplating Zinc

N'ime usoro zinc electroplating sodium cyanide , isi ihe dị mkpa dabere na electrolysis. Bath electroplating nwere ion zinc na ihe ndị ọzọ. Mgbe etinyere ọkụ eletrik, a na-ebelata ion zinc na bath na cathode (ihe a ga-etinye n'elu), a na-etinyekwa atọm zinc n'elu cathode ahụ, na-emepụta mkpuchi zinc. Ọnụnọ nke Sodium cyanide na bath na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-eme ka ihe mgbagwoju anya sie ike, na-emepụta ihe mgbagwoju anya na ion zinc. Mgbagọ a na-enyere aka ijikwa ọnụego ntinye nke zinc ma na-eme ka mma nke oyi akwa zinc echekwara dịkwuo mma. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike igosi mmeghachi omume dị ka: Zn(CN)₄²⁻ + 2e⁻ → Zn + 4CN⁻ na cathode. Aion zinc dị mgbagwoju anya n'ụdị Zn(CN)₄²⁻ na-adịgide adịgide karịa na bath, nke na-eduga na ntinye zinc dị ka nke ọma ma e jiri ya tụnyere sistemụ na-adịghị mgbagwoju anya.

Nzọụkwụ Nhazi

1. Pretreatment nke Substrate

Tupu eletrọnịkị, mkpụrụ (ihe igwe a ga-etinye) kwesịrị ka edocha ya nke ọma. Nzọụkwụ a dị mkpa iji hụ na adhesion dị mma nke mkpuchi zinc.

• Ịbelata mmanụ : A na-ebu ụzọ ewepụ mmanụ ahụ iji wepụ mmanụ, mmanụ, ma ọ bụ ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ n'elu ya. Enwere ike ime nke a site na ụzọ dịka iwepụ mmanụ alkaline, ebe a na-emikpu ihe ahụ n'ime mmiri alkaline nwere surfactants. Mmiri alkaline ahụ na-emeghachi omume na mmanụ ahụ, na-eme ka ọ dị nro ma na-ekwe ka a sachaa ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmiri alkaline nkịtị nwere ike ịnwe sodium hydroxide, sodium Carbon ate, na surfactants dị ka sodium dodecyl sulfate.

• Ịchacha ihe : Mgbe e gbuchara mmanụ, a na-eme ịchacha ihe iji wepụ nchara, oxides, na ihe ndị ọzọ na-adịghị mma n'elu ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị ahụ. A na-ejikarị ihe ngwọta acid, dị ka hydrochloric acid ma ọ bụ sulfuric acid, eme ihe maka ịchacha ihe. Asịd ahụ na-emeghachi omume na oxides dị n'elu, na-agbaze ha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ihe gbasara nchara (iron oxide) na ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị e ji ígwè mee, mmeghachi omume ya na hydrochloric acid bụ: Fe₂O₃ + 6HCl → 2FeCl₃ + 3H₂O. Mgbe a gbuchara ihe ndị ahụ, a na-asachapụ ihe ndị ahụ nke ọma na mmiri iji wepụ asịd ọ bụla fọdụrụ.

2. Nkwadebe nke Electroplating Bath

Nkwadebe nke ịsa ahụ electroplating bụ nzọụkwụ dị mkpa na usoro zinc sodium cyanide electroplating.

• Ihe ndị mejupụtara ya : Isi ihe dị na bat ahụ gụnyere zinc oxide (ZnO) dị ka isi iyi nke ion zinc, sodium cyanide (NaCN) dị ka ihe na-eme ka ihe dị mgbagwoju anya, na sodium hydroxide (NaOH) dị ka nnu na-eduzi ya. Na mgbakwunye, enwere ike itinye ihe mgbakwunye ndị ọzọ iji melite mma nke ihe mkpuchi ahụ, dị ka ihe na-eme ka ọ dị mma. Maka bat nkịtị nke obere cyanide electroplating, ihe mejupụtara ya nwere ike ịbụ: ZnO 8 - 12 g/L, NaCN 10 - 20 g/L, NaOH 80 - 120 g/L.

• Usoro Ngwakọta : Nke mbụ, a na-agbakwunye otu akụkụ mmiri (ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mkpokọta olu bat) na tankị mkpuchi ahụ. Mgbe ahụ, a na-agbakwunye ego achọrọ nke sodium cyanide na sodium hydroxide ma kpalie ya ruo mgbe ọ ga-agbaze kpamkpam. Na-esote, a na-agbakwunye zinc oxide nwayọ nwayọ na ngwọta ahụ ka ọ na-akpali mgbe niile. Zinc oxide na-emeghachi omume na sodium hydroxide na sodium cyanide iji mepụta ihe ndị dị mkpa. Mgbe etinyere zinc oxide, a na-agwakọta bat ahụ ruo na olu achọrọ na mmiri. N'ikpeazụ, a na-agbakwunye ihe mgbakwunye dịka ntuziaka nke onye nrụpụta si dị.

3. Electrolating Usoro

• Ịtọlite ​​Sel Electroplating : Sel electroplating ahụ nwere bat plating, cathode (ihe a ga-etinye n'ime ya), na anode. A na-ejikarị zinc metal eme anode ahụ. Mgbe a na-agafe ọkụ eletrik site na bat ahụ, a na-agbaze ion zinc site na anode ahụ gaa na bat ahụ ma tinye ya n'otu oge na cathode. A na-ejikwa njupụta ugbu a, nke bụ ọnụọgụ nke ugbu a kwa mpaghara nke kathode ahụ, nke ọma. Maka sodium cyanide electroplating zinc, njupụta ugbu a nkịtị sitere na 1 - 5 A/dm². Njupụta ugbu a dị ala nwere ike ibute ọnụego nkwụnye nwayọ mana ọ nwere ike ibute mkpuchi yiri nke ahụ na nke ka mma. N'aka nke ọzọ, njupụta ugbu a dị elu nwere ike ịbawanye ọnụego nkwụnye mana ọ nwere ike ibute nsogbu dịka mkpuchi na-adịghị mma na ọkụ nke mkpuchi ahụ na mpaghara ugbu a dị elu.

• Okpomọkụ na Mgbali : Okpomọkụ nke bat electroplating na-emetụtakwa usoro mkpuchi ahụ. N'ozuzu, a na-edebe okpomọkụ bat ahụ n'etiti 20 - 40 Celsius. Okpomọkụ dị elu nwere ike ime ka ọnụego nkwụnye ahụ dịkwuo elu mana ọ nwekwara ike ibelata polarization nke cathode, na-eduga na mkpuchi siri ike. Mgbali nke bat ahụ dị mkpa iji hụ na ekesara ion gburugburu cathode ahụ otu otu. Enwere ike ime nke a site na mgbali igwe, dị ka iji ihe na-akpali akpali, ma ọ bụ site na ikuku na-afụ. Mgbali na-enyere aka imejupụta ion zinc dị nso na elu cathode, na-egbochi ịmepụta gradients nke nwere ike ibute mkpuchi na-adịghị mma.

4. Mbipute - ọgwụgwọ

• Ịsacha : Mgbe e mechara ihe mkpuchi ahụ, a na-eji mmiri sachaa ihe mkpuchi ahụ nke ọma iji wepụ ihe mkpuchi ọ bụla fọdụrụ n'elu ya. Enwere ike ime ọtụtụ usoro ịsacha ya, a na-asacha ya nke mbụ n'ime mmiri oyi iji wepụ ihe fọdụrụ n'ime ihe ngwọta ahụ, wee jiri mmiri dị ọcha sachaa ya ọzọ iji hụ na e wepụrụ ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ kpamkpam.

• Chromating : A na-emekarị Chromating iji mee ka iguzogide nchara nke oyi akwa zinc dịkwuo mma. A na-emikpu ihe a kpuchiri n'ime mmiri chromating, nke nwere chromic acid ma ọ bụ nnu ya. Usoro chromating na-emepụta oyi akwa mgbanwe chromate dị gịrịgịrị, nke na-echebe n'elu mkpuchi zinc. Oyi akwa a na-enye nchebe ọzọ megide nchara site n'ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi yana site n'ịgwọ onwe ya ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ mgbe a kpụchara elu. E nwere ụdị chromating dị iche iche, dị ka chromating odo odo, chromating acha anụnụ anụnụ-acha ọcha, na chromating ojii, nke ọ bụla na-enye ọkwa dị iche iche nke iguzogide nchara na ọdịdị mara mma.

• Ịkpọ nkụ : N'ikpeazụ, a na-akpọnwụ ihe e ji ihe kpuchie ma kpụọ ya. Maka obere akụkụ, a pụrụ ịkpọnwụ ha na igwe nkụ centrifugal nwere ikuku ọkụ, ebe akụkụ ndị buru ibu nwere ike ịkpọnwụ n'ikuku na okpomọkụ ụlọ. Ịkpọ nkụ dị mkpa iji gbochie ntụpọ mmiri na iji hụ na mkpuchi ahụ kwụsiri ike ruo ogologo oge.

Ngwakọta bat na mmetụta ya

1. Zinc oxide (ZnO)

Zinc oxide bụ isi iyi nke ion zinc na bat electroplating. Ntinye nke zinc oxide na bat ahụ na-emetụta ọnụọgụ ego nke zinc. Mmụba dị elu nke zinc oxide n'ozuzu na-eduga n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ nkwụnye ego dị elu. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na ichikota zinc ion dị oke elu, ọ nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu dị ka ike ịkwanye na-adịghị mma (ikike nke ngwọta plating na-etinye ihe mkpuchi edo na ihe mgbagwoju anya - ihe ndị a na-emepụta ihe) na ihe mkpuchi - mkpuchi ọka. N'ebe ịsa ahụ dị ala - cyanide, ntinye zinc oxide kwesịrị ekwesị na-abụkarị n'ụdị a kpọtụrụ aha na mbụ (8 - 12 g / L), nke na-enye nguzozi n'etiti ọnụego nkwụnye ego na mma mkpuchi.

2. Sodium Cyanide (NaCN)

Sodium cyanide na-eje ozi dị ka ihe mgbagwoju anya na bat. Ọ na-etolite ogige nwere ion zinc, dị ka Zn (CN)₄²⁻. Ntinye nke sodium cyanide na-emetụta nkwụsi ike nke ogige ndị a na, ya mere, omume ntinye nke zinc. N'ebe ịsa ahụ dị elu - cyanide, a na-eji ihe dị elu nke sodium cyanide na-eme ihe, nke na-enye ike ịtụba ihe magburu onwe ya na mkpuchi dị mma nke ọma. Otú ọ dị, ịsa ahụ nke cyanide dị elu na-ebute nnukwu ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa n'ihi nsị nke cyanide. N'ụzọ dị iche, baths cyanide dị ala, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'oge a, na-eji ntanye sodium cyanide dị ala (dịka, 10 - 20 g / L). Bathlọ ịsa ahụ ndị a ka na-enye ezigbo ike ịtụba ike na mkpuchi mkpuchi ma na-ebelata nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ. Oke sodium cyanide na zinc oxide (NaCN/ZnO ratio) na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa. Oke kwesịrị ekwesị na-eme ka e guzobe ụlọ siri ike na ọnọdụ plating kacha mma. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ụfọdụ ngwa, oke NaCN/ZnO nke gburugburu 1.5 - 2.5 ka a na-ahọrọ.

3. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

Sodium hydroxide na-arụ ọrụ dị ka nnu na-eduzi n'ime bat ahụ, na-abawanye conductivity eletrik nke ngwọta. Nke a na-enye ohere maka nnyefe dị ugbu a nke ọma n'oge electroplating. Ọ na-enyekwa aka idobe pH nke bat ahụ. The pH nke sodium cyanide electroplating zinc bath bụ a na alkaline nso, gburugburu pH 12 - 14. A kwụsiri ike pH dị mkpa maka nkwụsi ike nke ogige na n'ozuzu plating usoro. Ọ bụrụ na pH dị ala, ogige ndị ahụ nwere ike ire ere, na-eduga na nsonaazụ na-adịghị mma. N'aka nke ọzọ, ọ bụrụ na pH dị oke elu, ọ nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu dịka oke corrosion nke anode na nhazi nke zinc hydroxide na-ebuli na bat.

4. Ihe mgbakwunye

• Ihe Na-eme Ka Ọcha Dị Mma : A na-etinye ihe na-eme ka ọ dị mma n'ime bat ahụ iji mee ka ọ dị mma ma na-egbuke egbuke nke mkpuchi zinc. Ha na-arụ ọrụ site n'ịgbanwe ọdịdị elu nke oyi akwa zinc echekwara na ọkwa atọm. A na-ejikarị ihe ndị dị ndụ dịka saccharin, coumarin, na ụfọdụ nnu ammonium quaternary eme ihe dị ka ihe na-eme ka ọ dị mma. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, saccharin nwere ike ịmịnye n'elu kathode n'oge a na-etinye ihe na-eme ka ọ dị mma, na-egbochi uto nke kristal zinc n'akụkụ ụfọdụ ma na-akwalite nhazi nke elu dị nro ma na-egbuke egbuke.

• Ndị na-eme ọkwa : Ndị na-eme ọkwa na-enyere aka ime ka ihe ọ bụla na-adịghị mma dị n'elu ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe ... dị n'ime ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'elu ihe dị n'ime ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'elu ihe dị n'ime ihe ndị

• Ihe Ndị Na-egbochi Oxidants na Ihe Ndị Na-eme Ka Ọ Dịgide : A na-eji ihe mgbakwunye ndị a egbochi oxidation nke ihe ndị dị n'ime bat ahụ, karịsịa ion cyanide. Enwere ike oxidize cyanide n'ihu ikuku na ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha ụfọdụ, nke nwere ike ibute mbelata na arụmọrụ nke ihe na-akpata mgbagwoju anya na mgbanwe na kemistri bat ahụ. Enwere ike itinye ihe ndị na-egbochi oxidants dị ka sodium sulfite na bat ahụ iji wepụ oxygen ma gbochie oxidation nke cyanide. A na-agbakwụnyekwa ihe ndị na-eme ka o sie ike iji nọgide na-enwe nkwụsi ike nke bat ahụ ka oge na-aga, na-eme ka ihe mkpuchi ahụ na-aga n'ihu.

Ntụle arụmọrụ

1. Nchedo Nchedo

Ebe ọ bụ na sodium cyanide na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu, a ghaghị ịkpachapụ anya nchekwa siri ike n'oge njikwa na ịrụ ọrụ nke usoro electroplating. Ndị ọrụ niile na-etinye aka na usoro a kwesịrị iyiri akụrụngwa nchekwa nkeonwe kwesịrị ekwesị, gụnyere uwe aka, enyo enyo na ihe iku ume. Mpaghara electroplating kwesịrị ịdị mma - ventilashị iji gbochie nchịkọta nke uzuzu na-egbu egbu. Ọ bụrụ na mwụfu ma ọ bụ ihe mberede ọ bụla metụtara sodium cyanide, ekwesịrị ịgbaso usoro nzaghachi mberede ozugbo. Nke a nwere ike ịgụnye iji kemịkalụ kwesịrị ekwesị wepụ cyanide (dị ka ngwọta hypochlorite) yana gwa ndị ọrụ nchekwa dị mkpa.

2. Nlekọta ụlọ ịsa ahụ

• Nnyocha Mgbe Niile : A ga-enyocha ihe mejupụtara bat ahụ electroplating mgbe niile iji hụ na oke zinc oxide, sodium cyanide, sodium hydroxide, na ihe mgbakwunye dị n'ime oke kachasị mma. Enwere ike iji usoro nyocha dị ka titration chọpụta oke nke ihe ndị a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike ịchọpụta oke nke ion zinc site na iji mmiri EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) nke a na-etinye n'ime sample nke bat ahụ.

• Njikwa Mmetọ : Mmetọ nke bat ahụ nwere ike isite n'ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche pụta, dịka ihe ruru unyi dị na ihe ndị e ji esi nri, ihe ndị si mba ọzọ pụta site na ihe e ji esi nri n'oge a na-etinye ihe mkpuchi, na mmụba nke mmeghachi omume site na ngwaahịa. Iji chịkwaa mmetọ, a ga-eme nzacha nke ọma nke bat ahụ. Sistemụ nzacha nke nwere ihe nzacha kwesịrị ekwesị nwere ike iwepụ ihe siri ike na ụfọdụ ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ. Na mgbakwunye, nhicha bat ahụ mgbe niile nwere ike ịdị mkpa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na ihe ruru unyi ígwè dị arọ (dịka ọla kọpa ma ọ bụ ndu) agbakọta na bat ahụ, enwere ike iwepụ ha site na ịgbakwunye kemịkalụ ndị na-emepụta ihe ndị na-akpata ihe ndị a, wee mechaa nzacha.

• Mgbakwunye nke Ihe Ndị Dị na Ya : Ka usoro electroplating na-aga n'ihu, a na-eri ihe ndị dị na bat ahụ. A na-etinye zinc na katode ahụ, ụfọdụ ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị mgbagwoju anya na ihe mgbakwunye nwere ike ire ere ma ọ bụ rie ha na mmeghachi omume ndị ọzọ. Ya mere, a chọrọ mejupụta zinc oxide, sodium cyanide, sodium hydroxide, na ihe mgbakwunye mgbe niile iji nọgide na-enwe nhazi bat ahụ. Enwere ike ikpebi ọnụego mmịpụta dabere na oge mmịpụta ahụ, ọnụọgụ akụkụ ndị a na-etinye, na nsonaazụ nke nyocha bat ahụ.

3. Nchọpụta nsogbu

• Mgbakwunye Mkpuchi Na-adịghị Mma : Ọ bụrụ na mkpuchi zinc enweghị njikọ na ihe mkpuchi ahụ, ihe nwere ike ịkpata ya gụnyere ọgwụgwọ na-adịghị mma nke ihe mkpuchi ahụ tupu oge eruo, nhazi ịsa ahụ na-adịghị mma (dịka pH na-ezighi ezi ma ọ bụ obere mkpokọta ihe na-eme ka ihe dị mgbagwoju anya dị ala), ma ọ bụ oke mmetọ dị elu na bat ahụ. Iji dozie nsogbu a, a ga-enyocha ma hazie usoro ọgwụgwọ tupu oge eruo. A ga-enyocha ma gbanwee ihe mejupụtara bat ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, a ga-emekwa ihe iji belata mmetọ ahụ.

• Mkpuchi Na-adịghị Adị n'otu : Ihe ndị dị ka nkesa ọkụ na-adịghị mma na sel electroplating, mkpalite na-adịghị otu nke bat ahụ, ma ọ bụ mgbanwe na geometry nke substrate ahụ. Iji dozie nsogbu a, enwere ike ịgbanwe ntọala sel electroplating iji hụ na nkesa ọkụ na-adị n'otu. Enwere ike imeziwanye usoro mkpali ahụ, enwere ike ịmepụta ihe ndozi iji jide substrate ahụ n'ụzọ na-akwalite mkpuchi otu. Maka substrates ndị dị mgbagwoju anya, enwere ike ịchọ usoro mkpuchi pụrụ iche ma ọ bụ iji anodes enyemaka.

• Mkpuchi Na-adịghị Mma ma Ọ Bụ Gbara Ọchịchịrị : Mkpuchi zinc na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ gbara ọchịchịrị nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi enweghị oke ntinye ìhè n'ime bat ahụ, oke ihe ndị na-adịghị mma, ma ọ bụ paramita mkpuchi na-ezighi ezi (dịka oke njupụta ugbu a ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ bat ahụ). A ga-enyocha ma gbanwee ntinye ìhè ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa. A ga-asacha bat ahụ iji wepụ ihe ndị na-adịghị mma, a ga-emezikwa paramita mkpuchi ahụ nke ọma.

mmechi

Usoro zinc cyanide electroplating zinc bụ usoro a na-ejikarị na ụzọ dị mkpa maka inye nguzogide corrosion na ịchọ mma na ihe ọla. Ịghọta ụkpụrụ ya, usoro nhazi ya, ihe mejupụtara bat, na ihe ndị a na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa iji nweta nsonaazụ dị elu dị elu. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ụfọdụ ihe ịma aka gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa nke jikọtara ya na iji sodium cyanide, na-eji usoro nchekwa kwesịrị ekwesị na ịmepụta ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme enyi na gburugburu ebe obibi (dị ka obere - cyanide ma ọ bụ cyanide - usoro n'efu), ọ na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ịrịba ama na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ụgbọala, ikuku ikuku, na ngwá electronic. Site na iji nlezianya na-achịkwa akụkụ niile nke usoro ahụ, ndị na-emepụta ihe nwere ike ịmepụta zinc - ngwaahịa ndị nwere mma na arụmọrụ dị mma.