Usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu nke Cyanide Gold

Ugbu a, usoro mwepụta ọlaedo cyanide bụ otu n'ime usoro kachasị mma maka ịgbaze ọlaedo na China. Ọ na-eji mmiri cyanide ewepụta ọlaedo site na ọla, nke nwere oke mgbake dị elu, ikike ime mgbanwe siri ike na ihe onwunwe ọla, na ikike imepụta ọlaedo n'ebe ahụ. Kemgbe ojiji mbụ nke mmiri cyanide iji wepụ ọlaedo site na ọla na 1887, a na-eji usoro a eme ihe nke ukwuu ruo ugbu a. Agbanyeghị, mwepụta ọlaedo cyanide na-emepụta nnukwu ihe ndị na-egbu egbu na ndị na-emerụ ahụ, na-etinye nnukwu ihe iyi egwu nye gburugburu ebe obibi na ụmụ mmadụ. Ya mere, iji belata ihe ọjọọ ahụ, ọ dị mkpa ịmụ usoro ọgwụgwọ nke mmiri mkpofu ọlaedo cyanide. Ọtụtụ ndị nchọpụta akọwapụtala usoro ọgwụgwọ, ụkpụrụ kemịkalụ, na usoro mmepe nke cyanide - nke nwere mmiri mkpofu, mana ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-atụle naanị otu ma ọ bụ ụzọ abụọ. Ya mere, isiokwu a na-enyocha nkọwa zuru ezu nke ụzọ ọgwụgwọ dị iche iche maka mmiri mkpofu ọlaedo cyanide nke a na-eji ugbu a na ụlọ ọrụ, na-atụnyere uru, ọghọm, na ọnọdụ ojiji nke usoro ọ bụla, nke nwere ụfọdụ ihe nduzi maka ojiji yiri ya na mmepụta n'ezie.

I. Isi mmalite na ihe egwu nke Cyanide Gold Extraction Waterwater

Isi ihe dị mkpa n'iwepụta ọlaedo cyanide bụ na n'ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri, sodium cyanide na-emeghachi omume na ọlaedo iji mepụta ihe mejupụtara ọlaedo, nke a na-agbazekwa. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, enwere ike iwepụta ọlaedo site na ịba ụba site na mmịpụta carbon ma ọ bụ wepụ ya site na ntụ zinc site na cyanide ọlaedo. N'otu oge ahụ, ọla ndị ọzọ dị arọ dị ka ọlaọcha, ọla kọpa, na zinc na-etolitekwa ihe mgbagwoju anya ma na-agbaze.

Cyanide ndị e ji mee ihe na mmeghachi omume ahụ na ihe ndị mejupụtara ya bụ ihe ndị na-egbu egbu ma na-emerụ ahụ. Sodium cyanide dị mfe ịgbaze ma bụrụ ihe na-egbu egbu nke Klas nke 1, yana ọgwụ na-egbu egbu nke 0.10g. Mgbe Cyanide na-abanye n'ime mmiri, ọ na-emebi ihe ndị dị ndụ dị n'ime mmiri nke ukwuu, ọ ga-ebutekwa nnukwu ihe iyi egwu nye ụmụ mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ya mere, ọgwụgwọ nke mmiri mkpofu cyanide gold na-ewepụta dị oke mkpa.

II. Ụzọ ọgwụgwọ isi maka mmiri mkpofu ọla edo Cyanide

Usoro Alkaline Chlorination

Usoro alkaline chlorination ugbu a bụ otu n'ime ụzọ a na-ejikarị agwọ cyanide - nwere mmiri mkpofu sitere na mmịpụta ọla edo cyanide. Ọ na-ejikarị chlorine-oxidants oxidizes cyanides na mmiri mkpofu n'okpuru ọnọdụ alkaline, na-atụgharị ha ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adịghị egbu egbu. A na-ekewa usoro cyanide - mmebi nke alkaline chlorination na nkebi abụọ:

Nzọụkwụ mbụ bụ oxidize cyanide ka cyanate, nke a na-akpọ "oxidation na-ezughị ezu". CN⁻ na-emeghachi omume na OCl⁻ iji mepụta CNCl nke mbụ, wee mee ka ọ bụrụ hydrolyzes na CNO⁻. Ekwesiri ighota na CNCl na-adighi ike ma na-egbu egbu n'okpuru onodu acidic. Ya mere, n'oge a na-arụ ọrụ, a ghaghị ịchịkwa uru pH ka ọ nọrọ na steeti alkaline.

Nkeji nke abụọ bụ ịgbanye n'ihu oxidize cyanate na carbon dioxide na nitrogen, nke a na-akpọ ọkwa "oxydation zuru oke". N'oge cyanide - mmebi usoro, uru pH nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mmeghachi omume oxidation. A ghaghị ịchịkwa pH uru nke mbụ - ogbo oxidation na 10 - 11. na oge mmeghachi omume bụ 10 - 15 nkeji. Ekwesịrị ịchịkwa uru pH nke oxidation nke abụọ na 6.5 - 7.0. na oge mmeghachi omume bụ 10 - 15 nkeji.

Otu ogbunigwe na-eji usoro alkaline chlorination na-agwọ ndị na-ebu ibu nke cyanide ọdụ slurry (ya na ọdịnaya cyanide nke 200mg/L) na mmiri na-esi na mmiri na-esi na sedimentation tank (yana ọdịnaya cyanide nke 5mg/L). A na-achịkwa uru pH na 10 - 11. na ntụ ntụ na-agbakwunye na nha nke 35 - 40 ugboro cyanide ọdịnaya maka ịgwakọta na ịkpali. Mgbe sedimentation na thickener, ngụkọta cyanide ọdịnaya nwere ike belata ka 0.1mg / L.

Usoro alkaline chlorination bụ usoro a na-ejikarị agwọ cyanide - nwere mmiri mkpofu, na ntụ ntụ bụ ihe a na-ejikarị chlorine-oxidant. Usoro a dabara adaba maka ịgwọ mmiri mkpofu ọla edo cyanide nwere oke ma ọ bụ dị ala. Ọ nwekwara ike wepụ thiocyanate na cyanide - nwere ogige (ma e wezụga ogige ferrocyanide). A na-enweta ọgwụ ahụ n'ọtụtụ ebe, ihe fọdụrụ n'ime ihe mkpofu na-adị mfe nzacha, ọrụ ahụ dịkwa mfe. Otú ọ dị, ebe a na-arụ ọrụ na-adịtụ njọ mgbe a na-eji ntụ ntụ bleaching na-agwọ mmiri mkpofu. Ugbu a ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ na-eji mmiri ịcha ọcha ma ọ bụ chlorine dioxide kama, nke na-eme ka gburugburu ebe ọrụ dịkwuo mma ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ. Ma a na-emepụta gas na-egbu egbu n'oge usoro mmeghachi omume, ọ nwekwara nnukwu mmebi nke akụrụngwa. Ọnụ ego ọgwụ na ụgwọ mmezi dị oke elu.

Ụzọ mgbagwoju nnu Ferrous

Usoro mgbagwoju nnu ferrous bụ usoro ọgwụgwọ maka mmiri mkpofu ọla edo cyanide nke pụtara n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya. Site n'ịchịkwa mmeghachi omume pH uru na 7 - 8. ion ferrous na-emeghachi omume na cyanide efu na ụfọdụ cyanide complexes na cyanide gold mmịpụta mmiri mkpofu na-etolite.

Nnwale egosila na n'ozuzu, ịgbakwụnye naanị ferrous sulfate iji gwọọ mmiri mkpofu nke cyanide gold enweghị ike ime ka mmiri na-ekpofu ghara iru ụkpụrụ ntọhapụ. Ya mere, ekwesịrị ịgbakwunye oxidant n'ozuzu na mmiri mkpofu a na-agwọ maka miri emi - cyanide wepụ. Ọ bụrụhaala na a na-achịkwa ọnọdụ ahụ nke ọma, enwere ike ịgbakwunye oxidant ozugbo maka ọgwụgwọ na-enweghị ikewapụ mmiri ozuzo, a pụkwara imezu ụkpụrụ nkwụsị. Nke a nwere uru dị mma ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro ọdịnala nke nkewa mbụ wee mechaa ọgwụgwọ.

Otu smelter ọla edo na-eji usoro sodium sulfide - ferrous sulfate agwọ cyanide - mmiri mmiri adịghị mma. Ihe na-emetụta ya nwere ọdịnaya cyanide nke 2500mg / L. Mgbe ọgwụgwọ gasịrị, ihe na-esi na ya nwere ọdịnaya cyanide nke na-erughị 20mg / L, na mwepụ nke 99.2%, na-egosi nsonaazụ dị ịrịba ama. Usoro omimi nke na-esote na-eji sodium metabisulfite - usoro ikuku iji belata mkpokọta cyanide na-erughị 0.4mg/L.

Usoro mgbagwoju nnu ferrous bụ usoro ọgwụgwọ ọhụrụ na-apụta, nke a na-ejikarị agwọ nnukwu cyanide - nwere mmiri mkpofu. Usoro ya dị mfe, otu - oge itinye ego dị obere, ọ dị mfe iji rụọ ọrụ, ọgwụ ahụ (karịsịa ferrous sulfate) dị n'ọtụtụ ebe, dị ọnụ ala ma dị mfe iji. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na ngwọta ferrous sulfate bụ acidic, mgbe a gwakọtara ya na mmiri mkpofu nke cyanide gold na-amịpụta, mpaghara mpaghara ahụ na-aghọ acidic, na enwere ike ịmepụta hydrogen cyanide gas. Ọzọkwa, ọ nweghị ike iwepụ thiocyanate, na mmiri mkpofu a na-edozi ka na-achọ ọgwụgwọ miri emi iji mezuo ụkpụrụ nkwụsị.

Sodium Metabisulfite - usoro ikuku

Metabisulfite sodium - usoro ikuku sitere na sọlfọ dioxide - usoro ikuku. Ọ na-ejikarị mmetụta synergistic nke sodium metabisulfite na ikuku na cyanides na mmiri mkpofu n'ime ụfọdụ pH, yana mmetụta catalytic nke ion ọla kọpa, iji oxidize CN na CNO.

Ọ bụrụ na ọdịnaya cyanide dị na cyanide - nwere mmiri mkpofu dị elu, a ga-ebu ụzọ mee ọgwụgwọ tupu ịbelata mkpokọta cyanide na-erughị 100mg / L. Mgbe ahụ, a na-agbakwunye sodium metabisulfite na sulfate ọla kọpa, ewebata ikuku zuru oke, a na-achịkwa uru pH (nke a na-achịkwa n'ozuzu ya na 7 - 8), nke mere na cyanide na-eme ka oxidized na cyanate, nke a na-emezi hydrolyzed iji mepụta ion bicarbonate na amonia.

Metabisulfite sodium - usoro ikuku dabara adaba maka ịgwọ mmiri mkpofu ọla edo nke cyanide dị ala. Usoro ọgwụgwọ nke ọgwụ ahụ dị ntakịrị, ike ọrụ dị ala, mana ntinye ego dị n'ihu dị ntakịrị, na akụrụngwa dị ka ndị na-afụ ụfụ kwesịrị ịgbakwunye. Ihe ndị a chọrọ maka ihe ngosi usoro dị ntakịrị, na ịchịkwa uru pH dị oke mkpa. Ọ dịkwa mkpa ịgbakwunye sulfate ọla kọpa dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali. Oge mmeghachi omume dị ogologo. Ọ bụrụ na ọgwụgwọ ahụ adịghị mma, a ga-emepụta nnukwu ion ammonium, na slag na-emepụta adịghị mfe nzacha. Enwere obere gas amonia nke a na-emepụta na saịtị, ọ nweghịkwa mmetụta na iwepụ thiocyanides.

Usoro hydrogen peroxide oxide

Usoro oxidation hydrogen peroxide bụ oxidize cyanides na CNO⁻ n'okpuru ọnọdụ okpomọkụ, alkaline (pH = 10 - 11), yana Cu²⁺ dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali, wee tinye ha n'ime ihe na-adịghị egbu egbu. Cyanides mgbagwoju anya (mgbagwoju anya nke Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd) na-ekewakwa n'ihi mbibi nke cyanides n'ime ha. Ferrocyanide ion na ion ndị ọzọ dị arọ ọla na-etolite nnu siri ike ferrocyanide wee wepụ ya. N'ikpeazụ, mkpokọta cyanide n'ime mmiri mkpofu a na-edozi nwere ike ibelata ihe na-erughị 0.5mg / L.

Usoro a dabara adaba maka ọgwụgwọ cyanide dị ala - nwere mmiri mkpofu. Ngwá ọrụ ọgwụgwọ hydrogen peroxide dị mfe ma dị mfe iji nweta njikwa akpaka. Agbanyeghị, cyanate emepụtara kwesịrị ịnọrọ obere oge iji kewaa CO₂ na NH₃. Ihe ọghọm ndị dị na ya bụ na iji ọla kọpa mee ihe dị ka ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka ọla kọpa dị na mmiri a na-agbapụta karịa ka ọkọlọtọ, ọnụ ahịa akụrụngwa dị oke elu, thiocyanides enweghị ike oxidized, na ion ammonium na-emepụta. N'ezie, mmiri mkpofu ka nwere ụfọdụ nsị. Ọzọkwa, ebe ọ bụ na hydrogen peroxide bụ oxidant, ọ nwere nnukwu mmebi, na enwere ụfọdụ ihe isi ike na ihe egwu dị na njem na iji ya.

Usoro acidification

Mgbe ị na-eji usoro acidification na-emeso cyanide - mmiri mmiri na-adịghị mma, usoro mmeghachi omume ya dị mgbagwoju anya, karịsịa gụnyere usoro atọ: usoro acidification nke cyanide - nke nwere mmiri mkpofu, nkwụsị na ntinye nke gas HCN, na nkwụsịtụ nke mmiri mmiri na-apụ apụ.

(1) mmeghachi omume acidification: cyanide - mmiri mmiri na-adịghị mma bụ acidified ma mee ka ọ dị ọcha na acid. Cyanide dị mgbagwoju anya na mmiri mmiri na-adịghị mma ga-eme ka mmiri ozuzo na-adịghị edozi dị ka CuCN, CuSCN, na Zn₂ Fe (CN) ₆ ma wepụ ya, n'otu oge ahụ, a na-emepụta hydrogen cyanide.

(2) Volatilization na absorption mmeghachi omume: Mmiri mmiri na-adịghị mma bụ tupu-ekpo ọkụ ruo ihe dịka 30 ℃ tupu acidification. Ebe ọ bụ na isi ihe na-esi na HCN bụ naanị 26.5 ℃, ọ na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ya mere, a na-eji ụlọ elu juru n'ọnụ dị ka oke - nnyefe akụrụngwa maka kọntaktị n'etiti gas - mmiri mmiri abụọ - usoro na usoro acidification, nke dị mfe iji nweta nkwụsị na absorption nke HCN.

(3) Mmeghachi omume nkewapụ: A na-eji lime ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri alkali eme ka mmiri fọdụrụ nke acid ahụ ghara ịdị irè. A ga-agbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ HCN fọdụrụnụ dị na mmiri ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ụdị CN⁻. Usoro nkewapụ acid nwere ike weghachite Sodium Cyanide site na cyanide - nke nwere mmiri mkpofu ma nweta mgbake akụrụngwa. Agbanyeghị, ọ nwere nnukwu ihe achọrọ maka mkpuchi akụrụngwa, nnukwu itinye ego n'ihu, chọrọ nkà ọrụ dị elu, mmezi akụrụngwa siri ike. E nwekwara ụfọdụ ihe egwu nchekwa. Mmiri mkpofu a na-emepụta mgbe ọ gbakechara ka chọrọ ọgwụgwọ miri emi iji mezuo ụkpụrụ mwepụta.

Usoro Electrolysis

Usoro electrolysis na-eji mmeghachi omume redox electrochemical mebie cyanide na mmiri mkpofu. N'oge ion electrolysis, cyanides na-efunahụ electrons na anode ma bụrụ oxidized na cyanate, carbonate, nitrogen, ma ọ bụ ammonium. Cyanate na-eme ka ọ bụrụ CO₂ na H₂O. Mmeghachi omume ndị bụ isi bụ:

CN⁻ + 2OH⁻ - 2e → CNO⁻ + H₂O (24)

2CN⁻ + 4OH⁻ - 6e → 2CO₂ + N₂ + 2H₂O (25)

Nnwale electrolysis site na iji seramiiki nke seramiiki nke dabeere na lead dioxide electrode mkpanaka na igwe anaghị agba nchara - ígwè cathode efere egosila na site na iji usoro electrolysis na-agwọ cyanide - nwere mmiri mkpofu, mgbe awa 2 gachara, enwere ike ibelata mkpokọta CN⁻ site na 385mg/L ruo 58mg/L, na Cu²⁻ site na 450mg/L48 nwere ike belata. Na mgbakwunye, Hunan Zhongnan Gold Smelter na-eji usoro electrochemical na-agwọ mmiri mkpofu nke cyanide gold, nke nwere ike ibelata mkpokọta cyanide site na 4g/L ruo 0.8g/L. Ihe dị iche na nke dị n'elu bụ na ma anode na efere cathode bụ nke ígwè ígwè. N'oge usoro ọrụ, ọ bụghị naanị ike eletrik na-eri, kamakwa a na-eri efere ígwè.

A na-ejikarị usoro electrolysis agwọ ọrịa cyanide dị elu - nwere mmiri mkpofu. Ngwá ọrụ ahụ na-enwe obere mpaghara, usoro ahụ dị mfe ma dị mfe ịchịkwa, ma ọ na-eri oke ọkụ eletrik, na ụgwọ ọrụ dị elu karịa nke usoro alkaline chlorination. Ọnụego mwepụ nke cyanide bụ nkezi, ọ nweghịkwa mmetụta ọ bụla n'iwepụ ogige cyanide.

Ka ọ dị ugbu a, n'etiti usoro ọgwụgwọ nke cyanide gold mmịpụta mmiri mkpofu, usoro alkaline chlorination, usoro acidification, na sodium metabisulfite - usoro ikuku na-ejikarị. Usoro electrolysis na usoro mgbagwoju nnu ferrous bụ ụzọ na-apụta ọhụrụ nke etinyerela nke ọma na ọgwụgwọ ụlọ ọrụ. Usoro hydrogen peroxide oxidation bụ tumadi usoro ọgwụgwọ mberede. Enwere ọtụtụ ụzọ ọgwụgwọ ndị ọzọ maka ịgwọ cyanide gold mmịpụta mmiri mmiri, dị ka usoro nchacha eke, usoro ndu, usoro nkewa akpụkpọ ahụ, ion - usoro mgbanwe, wdg. Otú ọ dị, dị ka ngwa ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ha niile nwere njedebe ụfọdụ ma ka na-achọkwa ọganihu na-aga n'ihu.