Ndi Zinthu Ziti Zomwe Zingatengedwe Pama Chemical Zomwe Sodium Cyanide Ingagwiritsidwe Ntchito Kukonzekera?

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) ndi mankhwala oopsa kwambiri koma ofunikira kwambiri. Imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana zochokera ku mankhwala chifukwa cha reactivity ya gulu la cyanide (-CN). Nazi zina mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zochokera ku mankhwala zomwe zingapangidwe pogwiritsa ntchito Sodium cyanide :

Ma Inorganic Cyanide Derivatives

1. Ferro cyanides : Sodium cyanide imakumana ndi mchere wachitsulo kuti ipange ferro Cyanides . Mwachitsanzo, momwe Sodium Cyanide imachitira ndi ferrous sulfate imatha kupanga sodium ferrocyanide (Na₄[Fe(CN)₆]). Chosakaniza ichi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga utoto wabuluu monga Prussian blue, komanso chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mumakampani azakudya ngati choletsa mchere. Mankhwalawa amatha kufotokozedwa motere:

6NaCN + FeSO₄ → Na₄[Fe(CN)₆] + Na₂SO₄

2. Ma Complex a Cyanide a Zitsulo : Sodium cyanide imatha kupanga ma complex okhala ndi ma ayoni ambiri achitsulo. Mwachitsanzo, pochotsa golide ndi siliva, pakapezeka mpweya, golide ndi siliva zimakumana ndi sodium cyanide kuti zipange ma complex a cyanide achitsulo chosungunuka. Pa golide, ma form ndi awa:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH

Mitsuko iyi - cyanide imasinthidwanso kuti ipeze zitsulo zoyera. Kuphatikiza pa golidi ndi siliva, sodium cyanide imatha kupanganso ma complexes okhala ndi zitsulo monga mkuwa, zinki, ndi faifi tambala, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu electroplating ndi mafakitale ena. Mwachitsanzo, mu electroplating, zitsulo - ma cyanide complexes amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma electrolytes kuti atsimikizire kuti chitsulocho chili chosalala komanso chofanana pa gawo lapansi.

Zotengera za Organic Cyanide

1. Zochokera ku Malonic Acid : Sodium cyanide imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zotumphukira za malonic acid. Njira imodzi yodziwika bwino ndikugwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide ndi chloroacetic acid kuti apange cyanoacetic acid poyamba. Yankho lake ndi:

ClCH₂COOH + NaCN → NCCH₂COOH + NaCl

Cyanoacetic acid imatha kupangidwanso kuti ipange malonic acid esters, monga diethyl malonate. Zochokera ku malonic acid ndizofunikira zomangira pakupanga organic, makamaka pakuphatikizika kwamankhwala, utoto, ndi zokometsera. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Knoevenagel condensation ndi machitidwe ena kuti apange mamolekyu ovuta kwambiri.

2. Ma Nitrile Compounds : Sodium cyanide ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kusintha haloalkanes kapena aryl halides kukhala nitriles kudzera mu nucleophilic substitution reactions. Mwachitsanzo, bromoethane ikakumana ndi sodium cyanide, propionitrile imapangidwa:

CH₃CH₂Br + NaCN → CH₃CH₂CN + NaBr

Nitriles ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana. Atha kupangidwa ndi hydrolyzed kupanga ma carboxylic acid, kuchepetsedwa kukhala ma amine, kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala a heterocyclic. M'makampani opanga mankhwala, mankhwala ambiri amakhala ndi magulu ogwira ntchito a nitrile, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide mu kaphatikizidwe ka nitriles kumapereka njira yofunikira yopangira mankhwalawa.

3. Cyanohydrins : Ma aldehydes ndi ma ketone amatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi sodium cyanide pamaso pa asidi catalyst kuti apange cyanohydrins. Mwachitsanzo, momwe acetone imachitira ndi sodium cyanide:

(CH₃)₂CO + NaCN + H⁺ → (CH₃)₂C(OH)CN + Na⁺

Ma cyanohydrins ndi othandiza pakati pa kaphatikizidwe ka organic. Atha kusinthidwanso kukhala magulu osiyanasiyana ogwira ntchito, monga ma carboxylic acid, ma amines, ndi ma alcohols, ndi machitidwe oyenera amankhwala. Pakuphatikiza kwazinthu zachilengedwe ndi mankhwala, ma cyanohydrins amatenga gawo lofunikira popanga mafupa a kaboni ndi kuyambitsa magulu ogwira ntchito.

4. Zochokera ku Triazine : Pakupanga mankhwala monga melamine, sodium cyanide imatha kukhala ndi gawo mu netiweki ya reaction. Ngakhale kuti reaction yachindunji ikhoza kukhala yovuta ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi magawo angapo, gulu la cyanide kuchokera ku sodium cyanide limathandizira kupanga kapangidwe ka triazine ring. Melamine imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mapulasitiki, zomatira, ndi zokutira. Chitsanzo china ndi kupanga cyanuric chloride (trichlorotriazine), yomwe ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri popanga mankhwala ophera udzu, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndi utoto wochitapo kanthu. Kupanga cyanuric chloride kuchokera ku sodium cyanide nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizapo zochitika zingapo kuphatikizapo chlorination ya zinthu zokhudzana ndi cyanide.

5. Ma Amino Acids ndi Zochokera Kwawo : Mu njira zina zopangira ma amino acid, sodium cyanide ingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, mu kapangidwe ka Strecker ka ma amino acid, aldehyde kapena ketone imayanjana ndi ammonia ndi sodium cyanide kuti ipange aminonitrile intermediate, yomwe kenako imasinthidwa kukhala amino acid yofanana. Kuyambira ndi aldehyde RCHO, machitidwe ake ndi awa:

RCHO + NH₃ + NaCN → RCH(NH₂)CN + NaOH

RCH(NH₂)CN + 2H₂O + H⁺ → RCH(NH₃⁺)COOH + Cl⁻

Ma amino acid ndizomwe zimamanga mapuloteni ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale azakudya, azamankhwala, ndi zodzikongoletsera.

Tiyenera kugogomezera kuti chifukwa cha poizoni wambiri wa sodium cyanide, njira zotetezera chitetezo ndi njira zogwirira ntchito ziyenera kutsatiridwa panthawi yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera zotumphukira zamtunduwu kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito ndi chilengedwe.