The ndende chiŵerengero pa ntchito sodium cyanide

Introduction

Sodium cyanide (NaCN), yomwe ndi mankhwala oopsa kwambiri koma ofunikira kwambiri m'mafakitale, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana monga migodi ya golide ndi electroplating. Kuwongolera molondola kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwake panthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti zitsimikizire kuti njira zikuyenda bwino komanso kuti zinthu zikuyenda bwino. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa Sodium cyanide m'njira zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsira ntchito.

Magawo Okhazikika mu Migodi ya Golide

Cyanidation Leaching process

1.Mu Stirred Tank Leaching

• Mu njira yochotsera golide pogwiritsa ntchito thanki yosakanikirana, kuchuluka kwa Sodium Cyanide mu yankho la leaching kumakhala pakati pa 0.01% - 0.1% (w/v). Mwachitsanzo, m'migodi yambiri yagolide yayikulu, pogwira ntchito ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali yagolide komanso makhalidwe oyenera a mineral, kuchuluka kwa sodium cyanide pafupifupi 0.05% kumagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Kuchuluka kumeneku ndikokwanira kusungunula golide popanga golide wosungunuka - cyanide complexes kudzera mu mankhwala omwe amagwiritsa ntchito golide, sodium cyanide, mpweya, ndi madzi.

• Kukhazikika kumafunika kusamalidwa mosamala mkati mwa izi. Ngati ndendeyo ili yotsika kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa golide kumachepetsedwa kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nthawi yayitali yotulutsa golide ikhale yotalikirapo komanso kuchepetsa kubweza golide. Kumbali ina, ngati ndendeyo ili yochuluka kwambiri, sikuti imangowonjezera ndalama komanso imabweretsa zoopsa zambiri zachilengedwe ndi chitetezo.

2. Mu Mulu Leaching

• Kuchotsa miyala mu heap leaching ndi njira ina yodziwika bwino pakukumba golide, makamaka miyala yamtengo wapatali yochepa. Kuchuluka kwa sodium cyanide yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuchotsa miyala mu heap leaching nthawi zambiri kumakhala kotsika kuposa komwe kumachotsedwa mu tangi losakanizidwa, nthawi zambiri kumakhala pakati pa 0.005% - 0.03% (w/v). Popeza kukhudzana pakati pa miyala ndi yankho la leaching mu heap leaching ndi kocheperako poyerekeza ndi kuchotsedwa mu tangi losakanizidwa, kuchuluka kochepa ndikokwanira kuyambitsa njira ya Leaching . Mwachitsanzo, m'migodi ina yagolide yotseguka komwe kalasi ya miyala ili pafupifupi 1 - 3 g/t, kuchuluka kwa sodium cyanide pafupifupi 0.01% kungagwiritsidwe ntchito.

• Komabe, zinthu monga permeability wa mulu wa ore, kukhalapo kwa mchere ena amene angadye cyanide (monga mkuwa - kubala mchere), ndi nyengo zingakhudze ndende mulingo woyenera kwambiri. M'madera omwe kugwa mvula yambiri, yankho la leaching likhoza kuchepetsedwa, lomwe limafuna kusintha koyenera kwa ndende ya sodium cyanide.

Miyezo ya Concentration mu Electroplating

1.Mu Copper Cyanide Plating

• M'malo osambira a copper cyanide electroplating, sodium cyanide imagwira ntchito ngati zovuta. Kuchuluka kwa sodium cyanide m'mabafa otere nthawi zambiri kumakhala 15 - 60 g/L. Mwachitsanzo, mu njira yopangira electroplating yamkuwa ya cyanide pofuna kukongoletsa, kuchuluka kwa sodium cyanide kumatha kukhala pafupifupi 30 g/L. Kuphatikizika kumeneku kumathandizira kupanga ma copper okhazikika - cyanide, omwe ndi ofunikira pakuyika kwa mkuwa pagawo. Copper - cyanide complex imasiyanitsidwa ndi cathode, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ayoni amkuwa achepetse ndikuyika.

• Ngati ndende ya sodium cyanide ndi yotsika kwambiri, kukhazikika kwa mkuwa - cyanide complex kumachepetsedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusagwirizana komanso zokutira zabwino. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ngati ndendeyo ili yochuluka kwambiri, ikhoza kuyambitsa zovuta kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pang'onopang'ono makonzedwe apangidwe komanso mavuto omwe angakhalepo ndi kumatira kwa zokutira.

2.Mu Gold Electroplating

• Mu electroplating ya golide, sodium cyanide imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kupanga ayoni ovuta a golide. Kuchuluka kwa sodium cyanide m'malo osambira agolide a electroplating kumatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera zomwe zimafunikira. Kwa electroplating yagolide yopyapyala, kuchuluka kwa sodium cyanide kumatha kukhala pakati pa 5 - 20 g/L. Nthawi zina pamene kusungitsa golide wokulirapo kumafunika, kuchuluka kwake kumatha kusinthidwa mmwamba, koma nthawi zambiri osapitilira 50 g/L.

• Kuchuluka kwa sodium cyanide mu electroplating ya golide kumakhudza kuchuluka kwa malo, kuyeretsedwa kwa gawo la golide, komanso mawonekedwe a gawo lokutidwa. Kulinganiza koyenera kumafunika kuti mukwaniritse zotsatira zofunidwa za electroplating, monga zokutira golide zowala, zosalala, komanso zomata.

Zinthu Zomwe Zimakhudza Mawerengedwe a Concentration

1.Chikhalidwe cha Ore kapena gawo lapansi

• Mu migodi ya golide, kapangidwe ka miyalayi kamakhala ndi gawo lalikulu pakuzindikira kuchuluka kwa sodium cyanide. Ores okhala ndi mkuwa, zinki, kapena zitsulo zina zam'munsi amatha kudya cyanide panthawi yolowera. Mwachitsanzo, mkuwa ukhoza kuchitapo kanthu ndi cyanide kupanga copper - cyanide complexes, motero kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa cyanide yaulere yomwe imapezeka kuti isungunuke golide. Zikatero, kuchuluka koyambirira kwa sodium cyanide kungafunikire kuonetsetsa kuti cyanide yokwanira yochotsa golide.

• Mu electroplating, mtundu wa gawo lapansi umakhudzanso ndende ya sodium cyanide. Zitsulo zosiyanasiyana ndi osiyana pamwamba chemistry, ndipo magawo ena angafune ndende yeniyeni ya cyanide - munali kusamba kuti akwaniritse bwino adhesion ndi plating khalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, pakuyika pazitsulo zina, sodium cyanide yochuluka ingafunike kulimbikitsa kupanga mgwirizano wokhazikika pakati pa plating layer ndi gawo lapansi.

2.Process Conditions

• Kutentha ndi pH ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa ndende. Mu cyanidation leaching ya golidi, pH ya alkaline pang'ono (nthawi zambiri yozungulira 9 - 11) imasungidwa kuteteza kupangidwa kwa mpweya wapoizoni wa hydrogen cyanide (HCN). The pH zingakhudze dissociation wa sodium cyanide ndi kukhazikika kwa zitsulo - cyanide complexes. Kutentha kwapamwamba kumatha kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa momwe golide amawotchera ndi electroplating, komanso kungayambitsenso kuchuluka kwa cyanide. Nthawi zina, kutentha kwapamwamba kungafunike kuchepetsedwa kwa ndende ya sodium cyanide kuti mupewe kuchulukirachulukira kapena kuchulukirachulukira.

• Kukhalapo kwa okosijeni kumakhudzanso kuchuluka kwa ndende, makamaka pakutulutsa golide. Oxygen imafunika kuti makutidwe ndi okosijeni a golide apange golide wosungunuka - cyanide complexes. Kuchuluka kwa okosijeni wosungunuka mu njira ya leaching kuyenera kukhala molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa sodium cyanide. Kuperewera kwa okosijeni wokwanira kumatha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa okosijeni, pomwe kuchuluka kwa okosijeni kumatha kupangitsa kuti makutidwe a okosijeni a cyanide akhale ocheperako.

Kuganizira Zachitetezo Pankhani ya Kukhazikika

1.Kuopsa kwa Toxicity

• Sodium cyanide ndi poizoni kwambiri, ndipo ngakhale kusintha kwakung'ono kwa ndende kumatha kukhala ndi tanthauzo lalikulu pachitetezo. Kuchulukirachulukira kwa sodium cyanide m'malo ogwirira ntchito kumawonjezera chiopsezo chokumana ndi mpweya wapoizoni wa hydrogen cyanide, womwe ukhoza kutulutsidwa ngati sodium cyanide ichita ndi zidulo kapena pansi pa pH zina. Ogwira ntchito ayenera kukhala ndi zida zoyenera zodzitetezera, kuphatikiza masuti othina gasi, zopumira, ndi magolovesi, pogwira mankhwala okhala ndi sodium cyanide.

• Pankhani ya kutaya mwangozi kapena kutayikira, kuchuluka kwa sodium cyanide mu njira yotayika kumatsimikizira kukula kwa ngozi yomwe ingakhalepo. Zolinga zoyankhira zadzidzidzi ziyenera kuchitika, ndipo njira zoyenera zochepetsera kapena zoletsa ziyenera kuchitidwa nthawi yomweyo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kutayika kwa sodium cyanide solution kutayika kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa neutralizing agent (monga maziko olimba kuti asinthe pH ndi kuteteza mapangidwe a HCN) angafunike.

2.Environmental Impact

• Kuchuluka kwa sodium cyanide m'madzi otayira otulutsidwa kuchokera kumafakitale kumayendetsedwa mokhazikika. Kuchulukirachulukira kwa sodium cyanide m'madzi oyipa kumatha kukhala kovulaza kwambiri zamoyo zam'madzi ndi chilengedwe. Njira zochiritsira zoyenera, monga okosijeni wamankhwala (pogwiritsa ntchito njira monga njira ya alkaline chlorination) kutembenuza cyanide kukhala yocheperapo - mitundu yapoizoni, ndiyofunikira. Kuchita bwino kwa njira zochiritsirazi kungakhudzidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa sodium cyanide m'madzi onyansa. Madzi otayira okwera kwambiri angafunike njira zambiri zochizira kapena mankhwala ochulukirapo kuti akwaniritse miyezo yachilengedwe.

Kutsiliza

Kuchuluka kwa sodium cyanide pamagwiritsidwe ake, makamaka mumigodi ya golide ndi electroplating, kumatsimikiziridwa mosamalitsa kutengera zinthu zingapo. Zinthuzi zikuphatikizanso momwe zinthu zikugwiritsidwira ntchito, momwe zinthu zimagwirira ntchito, komanso chitetezo ndi malingaliro a chilengedwe. Kuwongolera molondola kwa ndende ya sodium cyanide ndikofunikira kuti tikwaniritse magwiridwe antchito, kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito, ndikuchepetsa kuwononga chilengedwe. Mafakitale omwe amagwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide amayenera kuwunika mosalekeza ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa ndende kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zanjira zosiyanasiyana ndikutsatira malamulo achitetezo ndi chilengedwe.