Mphamvu ya Kukhalapo kwa Sodium Cyanide ndi Sodium Chloride pa Leaching

1. Introduction

M'munda wa zitsulo, makamaka m'zigawo za zitsulo zamtengo wapatali monga golide ndi siliva, ndi cyanideleaching process ali ndi malo ofunikira. Sodium cyanide (NaCN) imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa imatha kusungunula golide ndi siliva kuchokera ku ores. Komabe, m'matupi ambiri a ore, zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimakhalapo, ndipo sodium kloridi (NaCl) ndi amodzi mwa mchere womwe umatsagana nawo. Kumvetsetsa zotsatira za kukhalira limodzi kwa (NaCN) ndi (NaCl) pa ndondomeko ya leaching n'kofunika kwambiri kuti muthe kutulutsa bwino, kuchepetsa ndalama, ndi kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Nkhaniyi ikufuna kufufuza mozama nkhaniyi.

2. Udindo wa Sodium Cyanide pa Leaching

2.1 Chemical Reaction Mechanism

Panthawi ya cyanide leaching process, ma cyanide ions amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popanga zinthu zosungunuka ndi maatomu agolide ndi siliva. Oxygen ndiyofunikanso chifukwa imagwira ntchito ngati oxidizing, imathandizira kutsekemera kwa golide ndi siliva ndikulimbikitsa kusungunuka kwawo mu njira ya cyanide. Kulumikizana kwamankhwala kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti zitsulo zamtengo wapatalizi zichotsedwe mu miyalayi.

2.2 Zinthu Zomwe Zimakhudza Kuchita Bwino kwa Sodium Cyanide mu Leaching

• Kuchuluka kwa sodium cyanide: Kukhazikika kwa sodium cyanide zimakhudza kwambiri mlingo wa leaching. Mwachidziwitso, kuchuluka kwapadera kwa Sodium Cyanide amafunikira pakusungunula kuchuluka kwa golide kutengera ma electrochemical reaction. Komabe, pochita, kumwa kwenikweni kwa Sodium cyanide nthawi zambiri imakhala yokwera kwambiri kuposa kuchuluka kwamalingaliro. Munjira ngati Carbon - in - Pulp (CIP) ndi Carbon - in - Leach (CIL), kuchuluka kwa sodium cyanide nthawi zambiri kumasungidwa mkati mwamitundu ina. Kwa ore ovuta kwambiri kapena omwe ali ndi milingo yonyansa kwambiri, ndendeyo ingafunikire kuonjezedwa moyenerera.

• Mlingo wa pH: Sodium cyanide hydrolyzes mu njira, kutulutsa hydrocyanic acid, mpweya wapoizoni kwambiri. Mlingo wa hydrolysis zimadalira pH ya yankho. Kuti muchepetse kutayika kwa cyanide kudzera mu hydrolysis ndikuwonetsetsa kukhazikika kwa yankho la cyanide, pH nthawi zambiri imasungidwa mumtundu wina wamchere muzomera zagolide za CIP. Malo a pH awa amakhudzanso kuchuluka kwa sodium cyanide pakuchita bwino kwa golide.

• Kusungunuka kwa Oxygen Concentration: Oxygen ndiyofunika kwambiri pakusungunuka kwa golide ndi siliva mu njira ya cyanide. Zomwe zimafunikira zimafunikira ma cyanide ions ndi oxygen. The pazipita solubility wa okosijeni kutentha firiji ndi kupanikizika ndi ochepa. Ngati mpweya wosungunuka mu slurry uli wotsika kwambiri, ukhoza kulepheretsa kusungunuka kwa golide ndi siliva. Zikatero, njira monga kubaya mpweya mu slurry kapena kuwonjezera hydrogen peroxide angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa mpweya. Chiŵerengero cha okosijeni ndi cyanide n’chofunika kwambiri; kusalinganika kungayambitse kuchepa kwa mlingo wa leaching.

3. Mphamvu ya Sodium Chloride pa Njira Yotulutsa

3.1 Zokhudza Zachilengedwe Zachilengedwe

• Mphamvu ya Ionic ndi Coefficient ya Ntchito: Pamene sodium kolorayidi ilipo mu leaching solution, imawonjezera mphamvu ya ayoni ya yankho. Malinga ndi malingaliro oyenera, kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu ya ayoni kumatha kukhudza ma coefficients a ma ion mu yankho. Mu dongosolo la cyanide leaching, kusintha kumeneku kwa ma coefficients a ntchito kumatha kukhudza kufanana kwamankhwala pamachitidwe okhudzana ndi kusungunuka kwa golide ndi siliva. Mwachitsanzo, imatha kusintha kuchuluka kwa ma cyanide ions omwe amapezeka kuti agwirizane ndi golide, potero kusokoneza kuchuluka kwa leaching.

• Mpikisano Wama Reactive Sites: Chloride ions akhoza kupikisana ndi ayoni cyanide kwa malo zotakataka pamwamba pa particles ore. Nthawi zina, ngati ma ayoni a chloride ali okwera mokwanira, amatha kukongoletsa pamwamba pa tinthu tating'ono ta golide kapena siliva, kulepheretsa ma ayoni a cyanide kuti asafike ndipo motero amachepetsa mphamvu ya leaching. Komabe, nthawi zina, kukhalapo kwa ayoni a kloridi kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino. Mwachitsanzo, mu miyala ina yokhala ndi mchere wamkuwa, ayoni a kloridi amatha kupanga zinthu zamkuwa, zomwe zimachepetsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa cyanide ndi mkuwa komanso kupititsa patsogolo kutuluka kwa golide ndi siliva.

3.2 Chikoka pa Leaching of Associated Metals

• Copper - Muli Ores: Mu ores okhala ndi mkuwa wambiri, mchere wamkuwa umachita mwamphamvu ndi sodium cyanide, kudya kuchuluka kwa cyanide. Kukhalapo kwa sodium kolorayidi kungakhudze izi. Chloride ions amatha kupanga zovuta ndi mkuwa, ndipo zovutazi zimatha kukhala ndi kukhazikika kosiyana poyerekeza ndi mkuwa - cyanide complexes. Ngati mapangidwe a copper - chloride complexes amakondedwa, amatha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa cyanide yomwe imadyedwa ndi mkuwa, ndikusiya cyanide yochulukirapo yopangira golide ndi siliva.

• Zitsulo Zina: Sodium chloride imathanso kuyanjana ndi zitsulo zina zomwe zimapezeka mu ore, monga zinki, lead, ndi chitsulo. Mwachitsanzo, ayoni a kloridi amatha kusungunuka kwa zinthu zina za zinc ndi lead, zomwe zingakhudze khalidwe lawo panthawi ya leaching ndi zotsatira zake pa cyanide leaching ya golide ndi siliva. Pankhani ya chitsulo, kukhalapo kwa ayoni a kloridi kumatha kukhudza mapangidwe ndi kukhazikika kwachitsulo - chokhala ndi ma precipitates kapena ma complexes, omwe amatha kulimbikitsa kapena kuletsa kutulutsa kutengera momwe zinthu ziliri.

4. Zotsatira Zophatikizana za Sodium Cyanide ndi Sodium Chloride pa Leaching

4.1 Zotsatira za Synergistic kapena Antagonistic

• Zotsatira za SynergisticNthawi zina, kukhalapo kwa sodium cyanide ndi sodium kolorayidi kumatha kukhala ndi phindu, kapena synergistic, pakupanga leaching. Mwachitsanzo, muzitsulo zina zagolide, kuwonjezera kuchuluka koyenera kwa sodium chloride kumatha kupangitsa kuti ma ion a cyanide alowe mosavuta ndikuchitapo kanthu ndi tinthu tagolide. Izi zitha kupangitsa kuti kuchuluka kwa golide kuchuluke. Kuonjezera apo, monga tanenera kale, mu ores ndi mchere wamkuwa, mapangidwe amkuwa - chloride complexes ndi sodium kolorayidi amatha kuchepetsa kumwa kwa cyanide ndi mkuwa, zomwe zimapindulitsa kwa cyanide leaching ya golidi ndi siliva, kusonyeza mphamvu ya synergistic.

• Zotsatira ZotsutsanaKomabe, palinso nthawi zina pomwe sodium cyanide ndi sodium chloride zimakhala ndi zotsutsana, kapena zotsutsana. Kuchuluka kwa ayoni a kloridi kumatha kupikisana ndi ayoni a cyanide pamwamba pa golide ndi siliva, komanso kusokoneza kufanana kwa ma cyanide leaching reaction, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa leaching. Komanso, ngati kukhalapo kwa sodium chloride kumapangitsa kuti pakhale ma precipitates kapena ma complexes omwe amavala pamwamba pa miyala ya ore, imatha kulepheretsa ayoni a cyanide kuti asakhumane ndi zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, ndikuchepetsanso kuchuluka kwa leaching.

4.2 Kukhathamiritsa kwa Njira ya Leaching Pamaso pa Onse awiri

• Kusintha kwa Reagent Concentrations: Pamene onse sodium cyanide ndi sodium kolorayidi alipo, m`pofunika kukhathamiritsa ndende yawo. Izi zimafuna kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane za kapangidwe ka ore. Kwa ores omwe ali ndi zitsulo zambiri zomwe zimatha kuchita ndi cyanide, monga mkuwa, kuwonjezeka koyenera kwa sodium chloride ndende kungaganizidwe kuti kumachepetsa kumwa kwa cyanide. Nthawi yomweyo, kuchuluka kwa sodium cyanide kuyenera kusinthidwa molingana ndi momwe leaching imagwirira ntchito kuti zitsimikizire kuti golide ndi siliva zikuyenda bwino.

• Control of Process Conditions: Kuphatikiza pa kuyika kwa reagent, zinthu zina zamachitidwe monga pH, kutentha, ndi mpweya zimafunikanso kuyang'aniridwa mosamala. Phindu la pH liyenera kusungidwa mkati mwazoyenera kuti zitsimikizire kukhazikika kwa yankho la cyanide komanso mphamvu ya leaching reaction, poganizira mphamvu ya sodium cyanide ndi sodium chloride. Kutentha kwa yankho ndikofunikanso. Ngakhale pali theoretically mulingo woyenera kutentha kwa golide kusungunuka mu cyanide yankho, pamaso pa sodium kolorayidi, mphamvu ya kutentha pa ndondomeko leaching akhoza kusintha, ndipo m'pofunika kupeza mulingo woyenera kutentha mwa kafukufuku kuyesera. Mpweya wokwanira ndi wofunikira kuti uwonetsetse kuti mpweya wokwanira wa okosijeni umachokera, ndipo kukhalapo kwa sodium chloride kungakhudze kusungunuka ndi kugawa kwa mpweya mu yankho, lomwe liyenera kuganiziridwa.

5. Maphunziro a Nkhani ndi Zotsatira Zoyesera

5.1 Nkhani Yophunzira 1: Golide - Mwala wa Siliva wokhala ndi Mkuwa Wochuluka

M'malo agolide - ore asiliva okhala ndi mkuwa wambiri, cyanide yachikhalidwe yotulutsa pogwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide yokha idapangitsa kuti golide azitsika kwambiri chifukwa chomwa kwambiri cyanide ndi mkuwa. Pamene sodium chloride idawonjezedwa ku leaching system pamlingo wina ndipo ndende ya sodium cyanide idasinthidwa, kuchuluka kwa golide kutsika. Kuwunikaku kunawonetsa kuti kuwonjezeredwa kwa sodium chloride kudapangitsa kuti pakhale ma copper - chloride complexes, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa cyanide yomwe imadyedwa ndi mkuwa ndipo motero kukulitsa kupezeka kwa cyanide kwa golide.

5.2 Phunziro 2: Mwala Wosasinthika wa Golide

Kwa golide wonyezimira, kutulutsa kwa cyanide kopanda sodium chloride kunapeza kutsika kwa golide. Pambuyo kuwonjezera sodium kolorayidi pa ndende yeniyeni ndi kukhathamiritsa ndende cyanide ndi zina ndondomeko zinthu, golide leaching mlingo anawonjezeka. Kuyang'ana pang'ono kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta ore tidawonetsa kuti kuwonjezera kwa sodium chloride kumathandizira kuti ma ion a cyanide afikire bwino tinthu tating'ono ta golide, potero kumapangitsa kuti ntchitoyo ikhale yabwino.

6. Malingaliro a Zachilengedwe ndi Chitetezo

6.1 Kuopsa kwa Cyanide

Cyanide ndi mankhwala oopsa kwambiri. Kutulutsidwa kulikonse kwa cyanide - komwe kumakhala ndi mayankho m'chilengedwe kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa pazamoyo zam'madzi, nthaka yabwino, komanso thanzi la anthu. Pamene sodium kolorayidi imakhala ndi sodium cyanide mu leaching ndondomeko, m'pofunika kuonetsetsa kuti kasamalidwe ndi mankhwala cyanide - munali zinyalala akadali ikuchitika mogwirizana ndi malamulo chilengedwe. Kukhalapo kwa sodium kolorayidi kungakhudze khalidwe la cyanide pochotsa zinyalala, monga njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwononga cyanide monga alkaline chlorination kapena mankhwala achilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu ya ayoni yowonjezereka chifukwa cha sodium chloride ingakhudze momwe zimachitikira komanso momwe njira zochiritsirazi zikuyendera.

6.2 Chitetezo pakugwiritsa ntchito

Zonse ziwiri za sodium cyanide ndi sodium chloride ziyenera kusamaliridwa. Sodium cyanide ndi poizoni kwambiri ndipo imafuna chitetezo chokhazikika panthawi yosungira, kuyendetsa, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. Sodium chloride, ngakhale ili yocheperako, imatha kubweretsa ziwopsezo monga dzimbiri ku zida ndi zovuta zomwe zingachitike pamalo ogwirira ntchito ngati sizikuyendetsedwa bwino. Pakachitidwe ka leaching komwe onsewa akugwiritsidwa ntchito, ogwira ntchito ayenera kuphunzitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa mosamala, komanso zida zoyenera zotetezera ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa kuti apewe ngozi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ogwira ntchito akukhala bwino.

7. Kutsiliza

Kukhala pamodzi kwa sodium cyanide ndi sodium kolorayidi mu leaching ndondomeko kumakhala kovuta kwambiri pakuchotsa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali. Sodium kolorayidi imatha kukhudza chilengedwe chamankhwala a leaching solution, imalumikizana ndi zitsulo zomwe zimagwirizana, komanso kukhala ndi zotsatira zotsutsana ndi sodium cyanide. Kumvetsetsa izi ndikofunikira kuti mukwaniritse bwino ntchito yochotsa leaching. Posintha kuchuluka kwa reagent, kuwongolera momwe zinthu ziliri, ndikuganizira zachilengedwe ndi chitetezo, ndizotheka kupeza golide, siliva, ndi zitsulo zina zamtengo wapatali. Kufufuza kwina ndi maphunziro oyesera akufunikabe kuti afufuze mokwanira kuthekera kwa kachitidwe kameneka kamene kalipo pansi pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ore ndi momwe zinthu zimagwirira ntchito, ndicholinga chofuna kupititsa patsogolo ukadaulo wamakampani opanga zitsulo.