Ukutyhilwa kweNkqubo yokuKwilwa kweGolide kusetyenziswa iSodium Cyanide

I. Intshayelelo

Kwishishini lemigodi yeGolide yanamhlanje , iSodium cyanide idlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ngokungafaniyo neendlela zakudala zokugaya igolide, iinkqubo zokwemba igolide zorhwebo zanamhlanje zinokukhupha igolide kwi-ore zamatye ezinomxholo wegolide ophantsi kakhulu, ngamanye amaxesha zincinci njenge-0.005%, apho igolide ingabonakali emehlweni. I-Sodium cyanide yeyona nto iphambili kwiikhemikhali kule nkqubo inzima yokukhupha, nto leyo evumela ukwahlulwa kwegolide kwi-ore ngokufanelekileyo. Eli nqaku liza kuhlola ngokweenkcukacha indlela iSodium Cyanide esetyenziswa ngayo ekumbeni igolide.

II. Iziseko zeSodium Cyanide

A. Iipropati zeMichiza

I-sodium cyanide, enefomyula yekhemikhali i-NaCN, yinto eqinileyo emhlophe ekristale. Ibonakala njengee-granules okanye umgubo kwaye ithambekele ekutyeni. Le khompawundi inevumba elincinci lee-almond ezikrakra. Ngokuphathelele ukunyibilika, inyibilika kakhulu emanzini, ngelixa inyibilika kancinci kwi-ethanol. Ngokwekhemikhali, i-sodium cyanide sisiseko esomeleleyo kunye netyuwa ye-asidi ebuthathaka. Isisombululo sayo samanzi siyanyibilika ukuvelisa i-hydrocyanic acid, okwenza isisombululo sibe yi-alkaline kakhulu. Okuphawulekayo kukuba, i-sodium cyanide inetyhefu kakhulu. Nokuba sisixa esincinci, nokuba kukudibana nolusu, ukuphefumla, okanye ukuginywa, sinokukhokelela kwityhefu enzima kwaye sinokubulala. Isebenzisa isiphumo sayo esibulalayo ngokukhupha ii-ion ze-cyanide (CN-) ezinobuhlobo obuqinileyo kwii-ion zesinyithi kune-oxygen. Oku kuphazamisa iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo ze-oxidative zeeseli, ekugqibeleni kubangele i-cell asphyxia kunye ne-tissue hypoxia.

B. Ukubaluleka koShishino

Ngaphandle kwendima yayo kwimigodi yegolide, i-sodium cyanide ibambe ukubaluleka okubalulekileyo kumacandelo ahlukeneyo amashishini. Kumzi mveliso we-electroplating, isebenza njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yobhedu, isilivere, i-cadmium, kunye ne-zinc. Inceda ekunciphiseni i-anodic polarization, iqinisekisa ukuchithwa okuqhelekileyo kwe-anode, ukuzinzisa isisombululo se-plating, kunye nokuphucula i-cathodic polarization ukuze kufumaneke iileya ezifanayo kunye neziphezulu zeplating. Kwi-metallurgy, isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekutsalweni kweentsimbi ezixabisekileyo njengegolide nesilivere. Ngaphezu koko, yinto esisiseko ekrwada kwishishini lemichiza yokwenza uluhlu olwahlukeneyo lwe-cyanides ye-inorganic kunye nokuvelisa i-hydrocyanic acid. Ikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekudibaneni kwezinto eziphilayo ezinje ngeglasi ephilayo, izinto ezahlukeneyo zokwenziwa, irabha ye-nitrile, kunye ne-synthetic fiber copolymers. Kwishishini ledayi, isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwe-cyanuric chloride, i-intermediate ebalulekileyo yeedayi ezisebenzayo kunye ne-precursor ye-whitening agents. Ukongeza, ishishini loxubo mayeza lisebenzisa i-sodium cyanide kwi-synthesis yeekhompawundi ezifana ne-cyanoacetic acid methyl ester kunye ne-diethyl malonate. Ngokubanzi, ukuguquguquka kwe-sodium cyanide kunye nokusebenza kwakhona kuyenza ibe yikhemikhali eyimfuneko kwiinkqubo zanamhlanje zoshishino.

III. Inkqubo yeMigodi yeGolide ngeSodium Cyanide

A. Ukulungiswa kwentsimbi

Inyathelo lokuqala lokusebenzisa i-sodium cyanide ekutsaleni iGolide kukulungiselela i-ore. Iziqwenga ezinkulu ze-ore ezinegolide ziqala zityunyuzwe zibe ziingceba ezincinci kusetyenziswa ii-crushers ezinzima. Olu tyunyuzo luphambili lunciphisa ubungakanani be-ore lube bukhulu obulawulekayo, ngokuqhelekileyo malunga ne-150-300 millimeters. Emva koko, i-ore etyunyuziweyo ityunyuzwa okwesibini, rhoqo ngee-cone crushers okanye ii-impact crushers, nto leyo enciphisa ubukhulu be-particle ukuya kwi-20-50 millimeters. Emva koko, i-ore iyagaywa ibe ngumgubo ocolekileyo ngee-ball mills okanye ii-rod mills, ukuqinisekisa ukuba uninzi lwe-particles lungaphantsi kwe-0.074 millimeters. Olu tyunyuzo lubaluleke kakhulu njengoko lunyusa kakhulu indawo yomphezulu we-ore, luququzelela ukudibana okungcono kunye nokusabela kwisisombululo se-cyanide kwinkqubo elandelayo yokukhupha. Ukongeza, i-ore ingadlula kwinkqubo yokuvavanya ukuze yahlule ubungakanani bee-particle ezahlukeneyo, okuvumela ulawulo oluchanekileyo lonyango lweekhemikhali kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokukhupha.

B. Inkqubo yokuLeaching

Nje ukuba intsimbi ekrwada ilungiswe kakuhle, ingena kwinqanaba lokuvuza, elisentliziyweni yenkqubo yokutsalwa kwegolide ngesodium cyanide. I-powder ore ixutywe kunye nesisombululo se-cyanide esilungiselelwe ngokucophelela, ngokuqhelekileyo kunye ne-sodium cyanide concentration esuka kwi-0.05% ukuya kwi-0.1%. Kweli nqanaba, ukusabela kweekhemikhali kwenzeka apho igolide kwi-ore isabela kunye ne-cyanide ion (CN-) phambi kwe-oxygen. I-reaction iyonke inokumelwa yi-equation: 4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH. Apha, iiathom zegolide zenza i-soluble complex kunye ne-cyanide ions, idala i-sodium gold cyanide (Na[Au (CN) ₂]), inyibilika kwisisombululo. Inkqubo ye-leaching ifuna ulawulo olungqongqo lweeparamitha ezahlukeneyo. I-pH yesisombululo igcinwa malunga ne-10-11 ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwe-cyanide kunye nokuthintela ukubunjwa kwegesi enetyhefu ye-hydrogen cyanide. Ubushushu bukwadlala indima ebalulekileyo; Ngokuqhelekileyo, igcinwa phakathi koluhlu lwe-20-30 ° C. Ubushushu obuphantsi kakhulu buthoba isantya sokusabela, ngelixa ubushushu obugqithisileyo bunokukhokelela ekuphumeni komphunga okukhawulezayo kwesisombululo kunye nomhlwa onokubakho wesixhobo. Ukuphazamiseka okwaneleyo kunye nokungenisa umoya kubonelelwa ngokuqhubekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuxutywa okufanayo kwe-ore kunye nesisombululo se-cyanide, ukukhuthaza ukuchithwa kwegolide okusebenzayo.

C. Inqanaba lemvula

Emva kwenkqubo ye-leaching, igolide ngoku ikwimo ye-soluble gold cyanide complexes kwisisombululo. Ukubuyisela igolide, inqanaba lemvula liyenziwa. Oku ngokuqhelekileyo kubandakanya ukongeza i-zinc powder okanye i-carbon activated kwisisombululo. Xa i-zinc powder isetyenziswa, ukusabela kokufuduka kwenzeka. I-zinc, esebenza ngakumbi kunegolide, isusa igolide kwindawo yegolide yecyanide. Ukusabela kweekhemikhali kunokubonakaliswa ngolu hlobo: 2Na[Au(CN)₂] + Zn → Na₂[Zn(CN)₄] + 2Au. Iiathom zegolide ziye zincitshiswe zibe yimo yazo yesinyithi kwaye ziphume kwisisombululo. Ukuba ikharbon esebenzayo iyasebenza, indawo yayo ephezulu kunye neepropathi ze-adsorption ziyadlala. Igolide ye-cyanide complexes i-adsorb phezu kwekhabhoni esebenzayo, eyahlula ngokufanelekileyo igolide kwisisombululo. Ikhabhoni elayishiweyo icutshungulwa ngokubhekele phaya ukuze kubuyiselwe igolide ebhengeziweyo. Nje ukuba imvula igqitywe, isiphumo se-slurry siyahluzwa okanye sifakwe phakathi ukuze kwahlulwe i-precipitate yegolide eqinileyo kulwelo oluseleyo, olunokuba nentsalela ye-cyanide kunye nobunye ukungcola.

D. Inkqubo yokuCoca

Igolide efunyenwe kwinqanaba lemvula isaqulathe ukungcola kwaye ifuna ukucokiswa ukuze kuphunyezwe ubunyulu obuphezulu obufunekayo kwimarike. Inkqubo yokusulungekiswa ngokuqhelekileyo iqala ngokunyibilikiswa, apho imvula yegolide ifudunyezwa kubushushu obuphezulu kwiziko. Oku kunyibilikisa igolide, nto leyo evumela ukungcola okuxineneyo ukuba kuzike ukuya ezantsi ngelixa igolide etyhidiweyo inokugutyulwa okanye igalelwe kumngundo. Emva koko, i-electrolysis ingaqeshwa ukuhlanjululwa ngakumbi. Kwiseli ye-electrolytic, igolide engcolileyo yenziwe i-anode, kunye nephepha elincinci legolide ecocekileyo lisebenza njenge-cathode. Xa umsinga wombane ugqithiswa kwiseli, ii-ion zegolide ezisuka kwi-anode zifudukela kwi-cathode kwaye zibeke njengegolide esulungekileyo, zishiya ngasemva ukungcola okuseleyo kwi-anode. Ngala manyathelo okucokisa, igolide inokufikelela kwinqanaba lokucoceka ukuya kuthi ga kwi-99.99%, ifikelele imigangatho yokwenziwa kwemizi-mveliso eyahlukeneyo, ukwenza izacholo, kunye nezicelo zotyalo-mali.

IV. Ukhuseleko nokuqwalaselwa kwezicelo zokusiNgqongileyo

A. Ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi

Ukunikezelwa kwetyhefu egqithisileyo ye-sodium cyanide, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi kubaluleke kakhulu. Abasebenzi ababandakanyekayo kwinkqubo yokumbiwa kwegolide besebenzisa i-sodium cyanide kufuneka banikwe uqeqesho olubanzi lokhuseleko. Kufuneka babe nolwazi oluphangaleleyo ekuphatheni imichiza, baqonde iingozi ezinokubakho, kunye nokwazi iinkqubo ezichanekileyo zongxamiseko. Izixhobo zokukhusela umntu (i-PPE) ayinakuxoxwa. Abasebenzi kufuneka banxibe iiglavu ezingangenekiyo ukunqanda ukudibana kolusu, iiglasi zokukhusela amehlo abo, kunye neziphefumlo ukunqanda ukuphefumla nayiphi na igesi yecyanide enokukhutshwa. Ukongeza, iiprothokholi ezingqongqo zokhuseleko kufuneka zibekho. Umzekelo, iindawo zokusebenza kufuneka zifakwe umoya kakuhle ukuze kuncitshiswe ukuxinana kwayo nayiphi na icyanide emoyeni. Abasebenzi kufuneka banqatshelwe ukutya, ukusela, okanye ukutshaya kwiindawo apho i-sodium cyanide ikhona ukukhusela ukungeniswa ngengozi. Ukuhlolwa rhoqo ngugqirha kufuneka kube yinyanzelo ukubeka iliso kwimpilo yabasebenzi, ngakumbi abo baphatha imichiza ngokuthe ngqo, ukuze kubonwe naziphi na iimpawu zokuqala zokuvezwa kwecyanide.

B. Impembelelo yokusingqongileyo

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide ekumbiweni kwegolide kukwabangela iinkxalabo ezinkulu kwindalo esingqongileyo. Emva kwenkqubo yokukhupha igolide, izinto eziseleyo zenkunkuma, ezaziwa ngokuba yiCyanide tailings , ziqulathe i-residual cyanide. Ukuba azilawulwa kakuhle, ezi tailings zinokuba yingozi enkulu kwindalo esingqongileyo. I-Cyanide inokuvuza emhlabeni namanzi angaphantsi komhlaba, ingcolise imithombo yamanzi kwaye yonakalise ubomi basemanzini. Kumanzi angaphezulu, nokuba yi-cyanide encinci inokuphazamisa ulungelelwaniso lwendalo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubulaweni kweentlanzi kunye nezinye iimpembelelo ezimbi kwi-biodiversity. Ukunciphisa le mingcipheko kwindalo esingqongileyo, iinkampani zemigodi kufuneka zisebenzise amaqhinga olawulo lwendalo esingqongileyo aqinileyo. Enye indlela kukuphatha i-cyanide tailings ukunciphisa umxholo we-cyanide ukuya kumanqanaba akhuselekileyo. Oku kunokubandakanya iinkqubo zonyango lweekhemikhali, ezifana neendlela ze-oxidation okanye imvula, ukuguqula i-cyanide enetyhefu ibe ziikhompawundi ezingenabungozi. Enye indlela ebalulekileyo kukulahla ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokugcina i-tailings ecociweyo. Amachibi okugcina inkunkuma okanye i-tailings anee-liners ezifanelekileyo anokuthintela ukuvuza kwayo nayiphi na ingcoliseko eseleyo kwindalo esingqongileyo. Ukongeza, ukubekwa esweni rhoqo kwendalo engqongileyo, kuquka umgangatho wamanzi kunye neemeko zomhlaba, kubalulekile ukuze kufunyanwe nawuphi na umonakalo onokubakho kwindalo esingqongileyo kwangethuba kwaye kuthathwe amanyathelo okulungisa ngokukhawuleza.

V. Isiphelo

I-sodium cyanide ngokungathandabuzekiyo yikhemikhali ebalulekileyo kwimigodi yegolide yanamhlanje, evumela ukukhutshelwa kwegolide kwi-ore enomxholo ophantsi wegolide. Ibisoloko isisiseko seshishini lemigodi yegolide amashumi eminyaka, isenza kube lula ukuveliswa kwegolide ephembelela amashishini ahlukeneyo, ukusuka ekwenzeni ubucwebe ukuya kwizicelo zobugcisa obuphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kufuna ingqalelo enkulu kukhuseleko kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo. Iinkampani zemigodi kufuneka zityale imali kwizixhobo zokhuseleko zanamhlanje, zinike uqeqesho olupheleleyo kubasebenzi, kwaye zisebenzise imigaqo yokhuseleko engqongqo ukukhusela ubomi. Kwangaxeshanye, zinoxanduva lokuziphatha nolwezomthetho lokulawula impembelelo yokusingqongileyo, ziphathe i-cyanide tailings ngoxanduva kwaye zibeke iliso kwinkqubo yendalo ukuthintela umonakalo wexesha elide. Njengoko ubuchwepheshe buqhubela phambili, uphando malunga nezinye iindlela ezikhuselekileyo nezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo endaweni ye-sodium cyanide kufuneka luqhubeke. Kuphela ngokulinganisa phakathi kokukhupha igolide ngokufanelekileyo, ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi, kunye nolawulo lokusingqongileyo apho ishishini lemigodi yegolide linokuchuma ngokuzinzileyo kwixesha elizayo.