I-Sodium Cyanide: Izakhiwo Zamakhemikhali kanye Nezindlela Zokusabela

Isingeniso

Sodium i-cyanide (I-NaCN) iyinhlanganisela yamakhemikhali enakho kokubili ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni kanye nemithelela ebalulekile yokuphepha ngenxa yemvelo yayo enobuthi obukhulu. Ukuqonda yayo Izakhi ze-Chemical futhi izindlela zokusabela zibalulekile ekuphathweni okuphephile, ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni, nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Lesi sihloko sihlose ukunikeza umbono obanzi wezici zamakhemikhali nezindlela zokusabela ze I-sodium cyanide.

Izakhiwo Zamakhemikhali ze-Sodium Cyanide

Ukubukeka komzimba

I-sodium cyanide imhlophe, iqinile njengekristalu ezingeni lokushisa legumbi. Inesakhiwo sekristalu eyi-cubic futhi ivame ukubonakala njengamancane, ama-granules angenaphunga (uma omile) noma impushana. Nokho, lapho ithinta umswakama noma ama-asidi, ingakhipha igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide, enephunga elihlukile nelibabayo le-alimondi. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi akuwona wonke umuntu ongakwazi ukuzwa leli phunga, njengoba ikhono lokulihogela linqunywa ngofuzo.

solubility

I-NaCN incibilika kakhulu emanzini. Uma incibilika emanzini, ihlukana ibe ama-ion e-sodium (Na⁺) nama-ion cyanide (CN⁻) ngokuya ngezibalo ezilandelayo:

I-NaCN(ama) H2O, Na+(aq) Na+ (aq) + CN-(aq)

Lokhu kuncibilika okuphezulu emanzini kwenza kube ingozi engenzeka emvelweni njengoba ekwazi ukungcolisa imithombo yamanzi kalula. Iphinde inyibilike kwezinye izinyibilikisi eziphila ezindaweni ezishisayo njenge-methanol ne-ethanol.

Ukuzinza

I-sodium cyanide izinzile ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile. Nokho, izwela ukushisa, umswakama, nama-asidi. Uma ishiswa, ingabola, ikhiphe igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide enobuthi obukhulu. Uma kukhona ama-asidi, ngisho nama-asidi abuthakathaka njenge-carbonic acid (eyakheka lapho isikhutha sincibilika emanzini), lokhu kusabela okulandelayo kwenzeka:-I-NaCN + H2O + CO2 → NaHCO3 + HCN↑

Lokhu kusabela kuqokomisa ukubaluleka kokugcina I-Sodium Cyanide endaweni eyomile, epholile kude nezinto ezine-acidic.

Izindlela zokusabela ze-Sodium Cyanide

Ukusabela Ngezinsimbi

I-sodium cyanide yaziwa kakhulu ngekhono layo lokwakha izakhiwo ezinezinsimbi. Esinye sezicelo ezivame kakhulu sisekukhishweni kwegolide nesiliva ezinsimbini zazo embonini yezimayini. Lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo namanzi, i-sodium cyanide ihlangana negolide (Au) ensimbini yakhe encibilikayo - i-cyanide complex. Ukusabela okuphelele kungamelwa kanje:

4Au+8NaCN+O2+2H2O→4Na[Au(CN)2]+ 4NaOH

Kule ndlela yokusabela, ama-ion e-cyanide asebenzisana nama-athomu egolide, aguqule igolide elingancibiliki etsheni libe inkimbinkimbi encibilikayo engahlukaniswa kalula nedwala elisele nokunye ukungcola. Indlela yokusabela ihlanganisa ukufakwa kwegolide nge-oksijini, okulandelwa ukuhlanganiswa kwegolide eline-oxidized ngamaion e-cyanide.

I-Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions

Ama-Cyanide ions (CN⁻) angama-nucleophile aqinile. Kumakhemikhali wezinto eziphilayo, bangabamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni kwe-nucleophilic substitution. Isibonelo, lapho i-alkyl halide (R - X, lapho i-R iyiqembu le-alkyl futhi i-X iyi-halogen) isabela ne-sodium cyanide ku-aprotic solvent njenge-dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ukusabela okulandelayo kwenzeka:I-RX + NaCNR-CN + NaX

I-cyanide ion ihlasela i-athomu yekhabhoni eboshelwe ku-halogen, isusa i-athomu ye-halogen ngokusabela esikhundleni. Lokhu kusabela kusetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlanganiseni ama-nitriles, okuyizinto ezibalulekile eziphakathi ekukhiqizeni izinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukene ze-organic ezifana ne-carboxylic acid, ama-amines, nama-heterocyclic compounds.

Ukusabela ngamanzi (Hydrolysis)

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, i-sodium cyanide ingasabela ngamanzi ekuphenduleni kwe-hydrolysis. Lapho kukhona amanzi, i-cyanide ion ingamukela i-proton emanzini ukuze yakhe i-hydrogen cyanide nama-ion hydroxide:CN-(aq) + H2O(l) HCN (aq) + OH-(aq)

Lokhu kusabela kwe-hydrolysis kuyabuyiseleka emuva, futhi indawo yokulingana incike ezintweni ezifana ne-pH nezinga lokushisa. Ezixazululweni ezine-asidi, ukulingana kushintshela ekwakhiweni kwegesi ye-hydrogen cyanide, kuyilapho ezixazululweni eziyisisekelo, i-ion cyanide ihlala isesimweni sayo se-anionic.