Ukuvinjelwa kweCyanide Emhlabeni Wonke: Ukudalula Indaba

Isingeniso

I-Cyanide, iqembu lamakhemikhali anephunga elihlukile nelivame ukuchazwa njengephunga “elibi njenge-alimondi,” idume ngokuba nobuthi bayo obukhulu. Ngezinhlobo zayo ezahlukene, njenge-hydrogen cyanide (HCN), i-Sodium cyanide (NaCN), kanye ne-potassium cyanide (KCN), inamandla okubangela umonakalo osheshayo nonzima ezintweni eziphilayo.

Ubuthi be-cyanide busemandleni ayo okuphazamisa ukusebenza okuvamile kwamaseli ezingeni eliyisisekelo. Uma isingaphakathi emzimbeni, i-cyanide ibophezela ku-athomu yensimbi ku-cytochrome c oxidase, i-enzyme edlala indima ebalulekile ochungechungeni lokuthutha lwama-electron ngaphakathi kwamaseli. Lokhu kubophezela kuyimisa ngokuphumelelayo inqubo yokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana, kuvimbela amangqamuzana ekusebenziseni umoya-mpilo ukuze akhiqize amandla ngendlela ye-ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Ngenxa yalokho, amangqamuzana aphelelwa amandla futhi aqale ukungasebenzi kahle, okuholela ekwandeni kwezimpawu ezingathuthukela ngokushesha ekuhlulekeni kwezitho zomzimba nokufa.

Umthelela we-cyanide udlulela ngalé kokukhathazeka kwezempilo komuntu ngamunye. Emvelweni, i-cyanide - equkethe imfucuza evela ezinqubweni zezimboni, ikakhulukazi emisebenzini yezimayini, ingaba nemiphumela elimazayo. Uma ikhishelwa emanzini, ngisho nasezindaweni eziphansi kakhulu, i-cyanide ingaba yingozi empilweni yasemanzini. Isibonelo, ukugxila kuka-0.04 - 0.1 mg/L we-cyanide ions (CN⁻) emanzini kwanele ukubulala izinhlanzi. Lokhu akuphazamisi nje kuphela i-ecosystem yasemanzini kodwa kunomthelela ezimbonini zokudoba kanye nokulingana kwemvelo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwe-cyanide enhlabathini kungangcolisa umhlaba wokulima, kuthinte ukukhula kwezitshalo futhi kungene ohlelweni lokudla. Uma izitshalo zimunca i-cyanide enhlabathini, inganqwabelana ezicutshini zazo, futhi lapho idliwa abantu noma izilwane, ingaholela ezinkingeni zempilo ezingapheli.

Uma kubhekwa izingozi ezibalulekile ezihlobene ne-cyanide, akumangazi ukuthi amazwe amaningi emhlabeni wonke athathe izinyathelo zokuvala noma ukulawula ngokuqinile ukusetshenziswa kwayo, ukugcinwa nokuthuthwa kwayo. Lokhu kuvinjelwa kuyimpendulo esidingweni sokuvikela impilo yomphakathi, ukuvikela imvelo, nokuqinisekisa ikusasa elisimeme. Ezigabeni ezilandelayo, sizohlola ukuvinjelwa okuhlukahlukene kwe-cyanide emhlabeni wonke, izizathu ezibangela lokho, kanye nemithelela yezimboni nababambe iqhaza abahlukahlukene.

Amazwe Anokuvinjelwa Kwe-Cyanide

i-America esenyakatho

I-united states

E-United States, udaba lokusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide ezimayini kube yinkulumompikiswano eshubile kanye nezinyathelo zokulawula. I-Montana, isibonelo, ithathe isinyathelo esiqinile ngokumelene nokusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide ezimayini zegolide. Ngo-1998, uhlelo lwe-Montana Environmental Information Centre's Citizens 137 lwavunywa. Lesi sinyathelo siholele ekuvinjweni kokusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide yokumba igolide kanye nokucwiliswa kwenqwaba yomoya ovulekile esifundazweni. INkantolo Ephakeme yaseMontana yaphinde yaqinisekisa ukuthi lokhu kuvinjelwa akwephuli uMthethosisekelo wase-US. Lesi sinqumo sibe ukunqoba okubalulekile kosomvelo kanye nalabo abakhathazeke ngemithelela engaba khona kwezemvelo nempilo yemisebenzi yezimayini esekelwe ku-cyanide.

Kodwa-ke, isimo saseColorado siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ezinye izifunda e-Colorado, njenge-Costilla, i-Gunnison, i-Conejos, ne-Gilpin, zaqale zakwenqabela ukumbiwa kwe-cyanide. Kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseColorado, esinqumweni se-Colorado Mining Association Complaints Commission, yathi isifunda, njengegatsha lombuso, angeke siwavimbele amakhemikhali avunyelwe ngaphansi kweColorado Mining Land Reclamation Act. Umthetho wombuso, okhuthaza ukuhlolwa, ukumbiwa, kanye nokumbiwa kwezimbiwa ezibalulekile, wanqunywa ukuthi uthathe indawo yokuqala kunemithetho yesifunda. Le mpi yomthetho igqamisa ukungezwani phakathi kwemizamo yendawo yokuvikela imvelo ezingozini zokumbiwa kwe-cyanide kanye nezinqubomgomo ezibanzi zikahulumeni ezihlose ukukhuthaza ukumbiwa kwezimbiwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe umnotho.

i-South America

Argentina

I-Argentina ibone inqwaba yemithetho mayelana nokumbiwa kwe-cyanide ezingeni lesifundazwe. Esifundazweni saseChubute, kusukela ngo-Agasti 5. 2003. ukumba i-cyanide, ukumbiwa kwemigodi evulekile, kanye nokumbiwa kwezinsimbi akuvunyelwe. Lokhu kuvinjelwa kwabekwa ukuze kuvikelwe imvelo yendawo, njengoba imisebenzi yezimayini esekelwe ku-cyanide ingaba nemiphumela emibi emithonjeni yamanzi kanye nekhwalithi yenhlabathi. Isibonelo, imfucumfucu ye-cyanide esuka ezimayini ingangena emanzini angaphansi komhlaba, ingcolise amanzi emiphakathini yendawo futhi ilimaze imisebenzi yezolimo.

Isifundazwe saseRio Negro sathatha isinyathelo esifanayo ngoJulayi 21. 2005. lapho sivala ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide ekukhishweni, ekuthuthukisweni, nasekuthuthukisweni kwezimboni. Esifundazweni saseTucuman, kusukela ngo-April 20. 2007. ukumba izimayini ze-cyanide, ukumbiwa komgodi ovulekile, nokukhipha insimbi kuvinjelwe. U-Mendoza walandela okufanayo ngoJuni 20. 2007. ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide ekutholeni insimbi, ukuhlola, ukuthuthukiswa, kanye nokwenza izimboni. Isifundazwe saseLa Pampa, ngo-August 16. 2007. kwenqatshelwe ukumba umgodi ovulekile, ukumba insimbi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide ukuze kuhlolwe, kuthuthukiswe, kukhishwe, futhi kugcinwe izinsimbi. Isifundazwe sase-Cordoba, ngomhla zingama-24 kuMandulo 2008. saphinde sabeka imingcele yokumbiwa kwemigodi evulekile, ukumba insimbi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide emisebenzini ehlobene.

Nokho, isimo sesifundazwe saseRioha sithe ukuhluka. Ekuqaleni yakwenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide ukuze kukhishwe izinsimbi ngo-August 3. 2007. kodwa lokhu kuvinjelwa kwasuswa ngo-September 26. 2008. Izizathu zokuphakama zingase zihlobane nokucatshangelwa kwezomnotho, njengokuthuthuka okungenzeka emnothweni wendawo ngenxa yemisebenzi yokumba izinsimbi. Kodwa lolu shintsho luphinde lwaphakamisa ukukhathazeka phakathi kwamaqembu emvelo mayelana nokucekeleka phansi kwemvelo okungase kulandele ukuqaliswa kabusha kwezimayini ezisekelwe ku-cyanide.

Costa Rica

Ngo-2002. I-Costa Rica yenza isinqumo esibalulekile sokumisa ukuvulwa kwezimayini ze-cyanide leaching. Lesi sinyathelo sasiyingxenye yemizamo ebanzi yezwe yokuvikela indawo yalo yemvelo enothile. ICosta Rica yaziwa ngezinhlobonhlobo zayo zezinto eziphilayo, futhi ukumba i-cyanide leaching, okuhlanganisa ukusebenzisa i-cyanide ukuze kukhishwe igolide nezinye izinsimbi ensimbi, kubonakale njengosongo kuleli gugu lemvelo. Ukumiswa okuhloswe ngakho ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwamanzi okungaba khona, njengoba i-cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile avela ezimayini ingaba yingozi kakhulu ezintweni zasemanzini. Iphinde ihlose ukuvikela impilo yemiphakathi yendawo, njengoba ukuchayeka ku-cyanide kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu yezempilo.

Europe

I-Czech Republic

Ngo-2002. IPhalamende laseCzech lenza isinqumo esinesibindi sokuvala ukucwiliswa kwegolide kwe-cyanide. Lesi sinqumo sasiyimpendulo yokukhathazeka okukhulayo mayelana nobungozi bemvelo nempilo obuhlobene nokuthathwa kwegolide okusekelwe ku-cyanide. I-Gold cyanide leaching ihilela ukusebenzisa izixazululo ze-cyanide ukuncibilikisa igolide etsheni, futhi inqubo ingakhiqiza inqwaba yemfucuza enobuthi. Ngokuvimbela le ndlela, iRiphabhulikhi yaseCzech yayihlose ukuvikela imithombo yayo yamanzi, izinga lenhlabathi, kanye nempilo enhle yezakhamuzi zayo. Lokhu kuvinjelwa kuphinde kwathumela umyalezo oqinile mayelana nokuzibophezela kwezwe ekuvikeleni imvelo naphezu kwemithelela engemihle engase ibe khona embonini yezimayini.

Germany

Ngo-2006. I-Germany yathatha isinyathelo sokunciphisa umthelela wezemvelo wezimayini ngokunciphisa kancane kancane inani le-cyanide elivunyelwe ezimayini. Le ndlela yayilinganiselwe kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nokuvinjelwa ngokuphelele. Ukuncipha kokusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide kungenzeka kube umphumela wokulingana phakathi kokubaluleka kwezomnotho kwemboni yezimayini eJalimane kanye nesidingo sokuvikela imvelo. Ngokunciphisa kancane kancane ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide, uhulumeni waseJalimane wayehlose ukunikeza imboni yezimayini isikhathi sokuzivumelanisa nezimo futhi ithole ezinye izindlela zokuyikhipha, ezivumelana nemvelo. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukutshala imali ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe obusha obungakwazi ukuzuza imiphumela efanayo ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwenani elikhulu le-cyanide.

Hungary

Ngo-December 2009. IPhalamende laseHungary, emkhankasweni ohlelwe yi-Hungarian Cyanide - Free Association, ivotele ukuvinjelwa ngokuphelele kwezimayini ze-cyanide. Lokhu kuvinjelwa kwaba ukunqoba okubalulekile kubameli bezemvelo nempilo. Ukumbiwa kwe-Cyanide bekuyinkinga e-Hungary ngenxa yamathuba okuchitheka kwe-cyanide, okungaba nomthelela omubi emigwaqweni yamanzi yezwe kanye ne-ecosystem. Ukuchitheka kwe-Baia Mare cyanide yango-2000 eRomania engumakhelwane, lapho amanzi angcolile e-cyanide achithekela emifuleni i-Danube kanye ne-Tisza, kwadala umonakalo osabalele wemvelo, okungenzeka ukuthi kwaba ukuvusa i-Hungary. Lokhu kuchitheka kube nemiphumela efinyelela kude ezintweni eziphila emanzini, izimboni zokudoba, kanye nezinga lempilo lilonke ezindaweni ezithintekile. Ukuvinjelwa kweHungary kwakuyisinyathelo sokuvimbela ukugwema izinhlekelele ezifanayo ngaphakathi kwemingcele yayo.

iyuniyani yase-Europe

Ngo-2010. IPhalamende LaseYurophu lathatha isinqumo mayelana nokukhishwa kwe-cyanide ngokuvota ukuze linxuse iKhomishini YaseYurophu ukuthi yenze ukuvinjelwa okuphelele kokukhipha i-cyanide. Nokho, iKhomishana yenqaba ukuncoma umthetho. Ngokusho kwabantu abajwayelene nalolu daba, isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu kwenqaba kwakuwukukhathazeka kokuthi ukuvinjelwa kwegolide le-cyanide eYurophu kuzoba nomthelela omubi emisebenzini. Imboni yezimayini, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni lapho ukumba igolide elisekelwe ku-cyanide kwande, inikeza amathuba omsebenzi kubantu abaningi. IKhomishana kwadingeka ilinganise izinzuzo zemvelo zokuvinjelwa kwe-cyanide iqhathanisa nemiphumela engase ibe khona kwezomnotho nezenhlalo yokulahleka kwemisebenzi. Lesi sinqumo saholela ekwehlukaneni phakathi kwezazi zemvelo, ezabona isidingo sokuvinjelwa ukuze kuvikelwe imvelo, nalabo abasembonini nabanye abakhi bezinqubomgomo ababekhathazeke kakhulu ngemiphumela yezomnotho.

Asia

igalikuni

Ngo-2007. UMkhandlu WoMbuso WaseTurkey, osekelwe ku-Article 56 yoMthethosisekelo waseTurkey, ogxile “Ekuvikeleni ilungelo labantu lokuhlala endaweni enempilo,” wanquma ukungakuvumeli ukumbiwa kwe-cyanide. Lesi sinqumo sasiyinkomba ecacile yokuzibophezela kweTurkey ekuvikeleni inhlalakahle yezakhamizi zayo kanye nemvelo. Izimayini ze-cyanide, ezinamandla okungcolisa imithombo yamanzi nomhlabathi, zibonwe njengosongo oluqondile endaweni enempilo umthethosisekelo ohlose ukuyivikela. Ngokwenqabela ukumbiwa kwe-cyanide, iTurkey yayihlose ukuvimbela ukucekelwa phansi kwemithombo yayo yemvelo nokuqinisekisa indawo ephephile yokuphila ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.

America Central

El Salvador

Esinyathelweni esibanzi, i-El Salvador, izwe laseMelika Ephakathi, lavimbela zonke izinhlobo zokumba insimbi endaweni yalo. NgoMashi 29, 2017, iphalamende lase-El Salvador lavota, futhi kwavunyelwa ukuvinjelwa okubanzi kwezimayini zensimbi ngokusekelwa amalungu angu-70 amaqembu ahlukene. Lokhu kuvinjelwa okubanzi kusho ukuthi konke ukuhlola, ukucwenga, kanye nokucubungula insimbi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusemhlabathini noma ngaphansi komhlaba, akuvunyelwe. Kanye nalokhu, amakhemikhali anobuthi njenge-cyanide kanye ne -MERCURY nawo ayavinjelwa. Ukuvinjelwa kwakuyimpendulo ezinkingeni zemvelo nezenhlalo ezihlobene nokumba insimbi. Imisebenzi yokumba e-El Salvador yayinamandla okubangela ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukungcola kwamanzi, kanye nokuphazamiseka komphakathi. Ngokuvimbela konke ukumba insimbi, i-El Salvador yayihlose ukuvikela imvelo yayo, imithombo yamanzi, kanye namalungelo emiphakathi yasendaweni.

Izizathu Ezingemuva Kokuvinjelwa

Ukukhathazeka Ngezemvelo

I-Cyanide ibeka usongo olukhulu emvelweni, futhi lesi yisizathu esiyinhloko sokuqaliswa kokuvinjelwa emazweni amaningi. Omunye wemithelela esheshayo nebonakalayo ye-cyanide usemizimbeni yamanzi. Uma i-cyanide - equkethe udoti ikhishelwa emifuleni, emachibini, noma emanzini angaphansi komhlaba, ingaba nemiphumela eyinhlekelele ezindaweni eziphila emanzini. Isibonelo, ekuchithekeni kwe-cyanide ye-Baia Mare ngo-2000 e-Romania, ukwehluleka kwedamu le-tailings emayini yegolide kwadedela isamba esikhulu samanzi angcolile e-cyanide - aboshwe emfuleni i-Tisza ne-Danube. Ukugcwala okuphezulu kwe-cyanide emanzini kwaholela ekufeni kwenani elikhulu lezinhlanzi nezinye izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Ukuchitheka kwawo akuzange kuthinte imboni yokudoba yendawo kuphela kodwa futhi kube nemiphumela yesikhathi eside ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emifuleni.

Ngaphezu kokungcoliswa kwamanzi, i-cyanide nayo ingangcolisa umhlabathi. Imisebenzi yezimayini esebenzisa i-cyanide ngokuvamile ikhiqiza imfucuza enkulu, eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-tailings, aqukethe i-cyanide eyinsalela. Uma lezi zinsalela zingalawulwa kahle, i-cyanide ingangena emhlabathini. Uma isingenile emhlabathini, i-cyanide ingavimbela ukukhula kwezitshalo ngokuphazamisa izinqubo zazo ze-metabolic. Kungase futhi kuthathwe izitshalo, ezibe sezingena ohlwini lokudla. Lokhu kunqwabelana kwe-cyanide ochungechungeni lokudla kungaba nemiphumela efinyelela kude ezilwaneni zasendle nakubantu. Ngokwesibonelo, uma izilwane ezidla uhlaza zisebenzisa izitshalo ezingcoliswe i-cyanide, zingase zibe nezinkinga zempilo, futhi i-cyanide ingase idlulele ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye ezidla lezi zilwane.

Izingozi zezempilo

Ubuthi be-cyanide empilweni yabantu bubhalwe kahle futhi buyimbangela enkulu yokuvinjelwa komhlaba wonke. I-Cyanide iyisivimbeli esinamandla sokuphefumula kwamaselula. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ibophezela ku-cytochrome c oxidase, i-enzyme ebalulekile ochungechungeni lokuthutha ama-electron kumaseli. Ngokuvimbela le enzyme, i-cyanide ivimbela amangqamuzana ekusebenziseni umoya-mpilo ukuze akhiqize amandla, okuholela esimweni esaziwa ngokuthi i-cell asphyxiation.

Ekubuthi kwe-cyanide okubukhali, izimpawu zingaba ngokushesha futhi zibe zimbi kakhulu. Izimpawu zokuqala zingase zihlanganise ikhanda elibuhlungu, isiyezi, isicanucanu, nokuhlanza. Njengoba ubuthi buqhubeka, izimpawu ezingathi sína njengokuphefumula okusheshayo, ubuhlungu besifuba, nokudideka zingavela. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ubuthi be-cyanide bungaholela ekulahlekelweni ukwazi, ekuqulekeni, futhi ekugcineni ukufa. Umthamo obulalayo we-cyanide ungahluka kuye ngezici ezifana nohlobo lwe-cyanide, indlela yokuchayeka (ukuphefumula, ukugwinya, noma ukuthintana nesikhumba), kanye nesisindo somzimba womuntu kanye nempilo iyonke. Isibonelo, umthamo obulalayo womlomo we-hydrogen cyanide ulinganiselwa cishe ku-50 - 100 mg, kanti umthamo obulalayo we -Sodium Cyanide cishe u-1 - 2 mg/kg wesisindo somzimba.

Ukuchayeka okungamahlalakhona emazingeni aphansi e-cyanide nakho kungaba nemiphumela yezempilo yesikhathi eside. Kungabangela ukulimala ohlelweni lwezinzwa, okuholela ezimpawu ezinjengobuthakathaka, ukuba ndikindiki, nobunzima bokusebenzisana. Kukhona nokukhathazeka mayelana nemiphumela engaba khona ye-carcinogenic yokuchayeka isikhathi eside kwe-cyanide. Olunye ucwaningo luphakamise ukuxhumana phakathi kokuchayeka kwe-cyanide okungapheli kanye nengozi eyengeziwe yezinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza, nakuba ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ukuze kutholakale ukuxhumana okuqinisekile.

Izingcindezi Zomphakathi kanye Nomphakathi

Ukukhathazeka kwemiphakathi yasendaweni kanye nomthelela wamaqembu obulungiswa bezemvelo nezenhlalo kudlale indima enkulu ekugqugquzeleni ohulumeni ukuthi bavimbele i-cyanide. Ezindaweni eziningi lapho kusebenza khona izimboni ze-cyanide, ezifana nezimayini, izakhamuzi zendawo ziqaphela kakhulu ubungozi obungaba khona empilweni yabo kanye nemvelo. Ngokuvamile besaba imiphumela yokuchitheka kwe-cyanide noma imiphumela yesikhathi eside yokuhlala endaweni enamazinga aphezulu okungcola kwe-cyanide.

Ngokwesibonelo, emiphakathini eseduze nezimayini zegolide esebenzisa i-cyanide ukuze kukhishwe i-cyanide, izakhamuzi zingase zikhathazeke ngezinga lamanzi azo okuphuza, ukuphepha kwezingane zazo ezidlala ngaphandle, nomthelela kwezolimo endaweni yazo. Lokhu kukhathazeka kungaholela emibhikishweni ehleliwe, izicelo, kanye nemikhankaso yomphakathi efuna isinyathelo sikahulumeni sokuvala noma ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide.

Izinhlangano zezemvelo nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuqwashiseni ngezingozi ze-cyanide futhi zikhuthaze ukuvinjelwa. Lawa maqembu enza ucwaningo, ashicilele imibiko, futhi azibandakanye nokuxhumana nomphakathi ukuze afundise umphakathi ngezingozi zemvelo nempilo ezihlobene ne-cyanide. Baphinde banxenxe ohulumeni nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe ukuthi basebenzise imithetho eqinile noma bavimbele ngokuqondile i-cyanide. Imizamo yabo ibe nomthelela omkhulu ekuletheni udaba lwe-cyanide phambili emphakathini nakwezombangazwe, okuholela ekwamukelweni kokuvinjelwa emazweni amaningi.

Imithelela Yokuvinjelwa

Embonini Yezimayini

Ukuvinjelwa kwe-cyanide kube nomthelela omkhulu embonini yezimayini. Ezinkampanini zezimayini osekunesikhathi eside zithembele ezindleleni zokukhipha i-cyanide, ikakhulukazi ezimayini zegolide, ukuvinjelwa kudale izinselele ezinkulu. Manje sebebhekene nesidingo sokuthi baguqule ngokuphelele izinqubo zabo zokukhipha noma bathole amanye amakhemikhali azothatha indawo ye-cyanide.

Enye yezinselelo ezinkulu izindleko eziphezulu ezihambisana noguquko. Ukuthuthukisa nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha bokukhipha ngokuvamile kudinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni, kanye namathuluzi amasha nengqalasizinda. Isibonelo, ezinye izinkampani zezimayini zihlola ukusetshenziswa kwamanye ama-leaching agents afana ne-thiosulfate noma i-bromide. Kodwa-ke, lezi ezinye izindlela zingase zingasebenzi kahle njengezinqubo ezisekelwe ku-cyanide kwezinye izimo, futhi zingase zidinge izimo zokusebenza ezihlukene kanye nemishini. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinkampani zezimayini zidinga ukutshala imali ekuqeqesheni abasebenzi bazo ukusebenzisa imishini emisha futhi baqonde izinqubo ezintsha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvinjelwa kungaholela ekwehleni kwesikhashana kokusebenza kwezimayini njengoba izinkampani zijwayelana nemithethonqubo emisha. Ngalesi sikhathi soshintsho, ukukhiqizwa kungase kuncishiswe, okungaba nomthelela oqondile emalini engenayo yenkampani. Ezinye izinkampani zezimayini ezincane zingase zibhekane nengozi yokuphuma ebhizinisini uma zingakwazi ukukhokhela izindleko ezihambisana nalolu shintsho.

Nokho, ukuvinjelwa kuphinde kunikeze ithuba imboni yezimayini ukuthi isungule izinto ezintsha. Ingcindezi yokuthola ezinye izindlela zokukhipha i-extractive iye yagqugquzela ucwaningo nentuthuko kulo mkhakha. Amanyuvesi amaningi, izikhungo zocwaningo, nezinkampani zezimayini manje sezisebenza ndawonye ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bezimayini obunobungani nemvelo futhi obuqhubekayo. Lobu buchwepheshe obusha abunciphisi nje kuphela umthelela wezimayini kwezemvelo kodwa futhi bunamandla okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nenzuzo yokusebenza kwezimayini ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Isibonelo, ezinye izindlela ezintsha zokukhipha zingase zikwazi ukukhipha izinsimbi ngokukhetha kakhudlwana, ukunciphisa inani lemfucuza ekhiqizwayo futhi kwandise isivuno senqubo yezimayini.

Kwezomnotho

Imithelela yezomnotho yokuvinjelwa kwe-cyanide iphindwe kabili. Ezifundeni lapho imboni yezimayini iyingxenye ebalulekile yomnotho wendawo, ukuvinjelwa kungase kubangele ukuphazamiseka komnotho ekuqaleni. Isibonelo, kwamanye amadolobhana amancane e-Argentina lapho izimayini ezisekelwe kwi-cyanide kwakuyimboni enkulu, ukuvinjelwa kwaholela ekulahlekeni kwemisebenzi njengoba izimayini zahlehlisa ukusebenza kwazo noma zivalwa. Lokhu kube nomthelela omubi emnothweni wendawo, kwathinta amabhizinisi afana nezindawo zokudlela, izitolo, nabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo abathembele emalini etholwa abavukuzi.

Ukuvinjelwa kungase futhi kube nomthelela emnothweni obanzi mayelana nokuhlinzekwa kanye nesidingo sezinsimbi. Uma ukukhiqizwa kwezinsimbi ezithile, njengegolide, kuncipha ngenxa yokungakwazi ukusebenzisa i-cyanide ekukhishweni, ukunikezwa kwalezi zinsimbi emakethe kungase kwehle. Lokhu kungaholela ekwenyukeni kwentengo yezinsimbi, okungaba nomthelela ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene ezisebenzisa lezi zinsimbi njengezinto zokusetshenziswa. Isibonelo, imboni yobucwebe, engumthengi omkhulu wegolide, ingase ibhekane nezindleko eziphakeme uma intengo yegolide ikhuphuka ngenxa yokuhlinzekwa - izingqinamba eziseceleni.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuvinjelwa futhi kudala amathuba okukhula kweminye imikhakha. Isidingo sobunye ubuchwepheshe bokumba kanye nezinsizakalo zokulungisa imvelo siholele ekuthuthukisweni kwezimboni ezintsha. Izinkampani ezisebenza ngokukhethekile ekuthuthukiseni nasekuhlinzekeni izixazululo ezingezona ze-cyanide, kanye nalabo abathintekayo ekwelapheni nasekulahleni imfucuza yasezimayini ngendlela ehambisana nemvelo, zibona ukwanda kwesidingo semikhiqizo namasevisi azo. Lokhu kunamandla okudala imisebenzi emisha futhi kugqugquzele ukukhula komnotho kule mikhakha esafufusa. Isibonelo, izinkampani ezihlinzeka ngobuchwepheshe be-bio - leaching njengenye indlela yokukhipha i-cyanide - zivela kakhulu, futhi ziqasha ososayensi, onjiniyela, nochwepheshe ukuthuthukisa nokusebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe.

Kwezemvelo kanye Nezempilo Yomphakathi

Ukuvinjelwa kwe-cyanide kube nomthelela omuhle kakhulu emvelweni nempilo yomphakathi. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, i-cyanide inobuthi obukhulu futhi ingadala umonakalo omkhulu endaweni uma ingaphathwa kahle. Ngokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwayo ezimayini nakwezinye izimboni, ingozi yokungcola okuhlobene ne-cyanide inciphe kakhulu.

Mayelana nekhwalithi yamanzi, ukuvinjelwa kuye kwasiza ekuvikeleni imifula, amachibi, nemithombo yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ekungcolisweni yi-cyanide. Lokhu kubalulekile ekugcineni imvelo yasemanzini enempilo kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi okuphuza aphephile emiphakathini yendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, emazweni anjengeCosta Rica neCzech Republic, lapho ukuvinjelwa kwe-cyanide sekunesikhathi eside kwenziwa khona, kuye kwaba nokuthuthuka okuphawulekayo kwezinga lamanzi lemithombo yamanzi eseduze. Izilwane zasemanzini, njengezinhlanzi kanye nezilwane ezihlala emanzini, azisekho engcupheni yokungenwa ushevu ngenxa yamanzi angcolile e-cyanide, futhi izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo seziqalile ukululama.

Ukuvinjelwa nakho kunomthelela ekuvikelweni kwekhwalithi yomhlabathi. Njengoba i-cyanide encane esetshenziswa ezimayini, kunengozi enciphile yokucwiliswa kwe-cyanide emhlabathini futhi kungcolise umhlaba wokulima. Lokhu kubalulekile ekugcineni ukuvunda komhlabathi nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwezilimo zokudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuncishiswa kokungcola okuhlobene ne-cyanide kunomthelela omuhle kukhwalithi yomoya, njengoba i-cyanide ingaphinde ikhishwe emoyeni kwezinye izinqubo zezimboni. Ngokuqeda noma ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide, inani lokungcola okuyingozi emoyeni liyehla, okuzuzisa impilo yokuphefumula yabantu bendawo.

Sekukonke, ukuvinjelwa kwe-cyanide kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile nempilo yomphakathi, futhi kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekuzuzeni intuthuko esimeme.

Ezinye izindlela zeCyanide

Ukusabela ekukhathazekeni okukhulayo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide, ikakhulukazi embonini yezimayini, kuye kwasungulwa ezinye izindlela eziningana. Lezi zindlela ezihlukile zinikeza indlela esimeme futhi evumelana nemvelo ekukhishweni kwensimbi.

Enye yezindlela ezithembisayo kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwe- Gold Leaching Reagent enobungani nemvelo . Lawa ma-reagent aklanyelwe ukufaka esikhundleni se-cyanide enqubweni yokukhipha igolide ngaphandle kwesidingo sokushintsha inqubo yokuqala kanye nemishini kakhulu. Isibonelo, amanye ala ma-reagent asekelwe ku-thiosulfate, okuye kwabonakala sengathi iyindlela ephumelelayo yokufaka esikhundleni se-cyanide ezinhlotsheni ezithile zama-ore egolide. Ama-leaching agent asekelwe ku-thiosulfate anezinzuzo eziningana. Awanabuthi obuncane kune-cyanide, okusho ukuthi ingozi yokungcoliswa kwemvelo kanye nokulimala empilweni yabantu incishisiwe kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, angakhetha kakhulu ekukhipheni igolide, anciphise inani lemfucuza ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhipha.

Enye indlela ukusebenzisa amasu e-bio-leaching. Le ndlela ihilela ukusebenzisa amagciwane, njengamagciwane nesikhunta, ukuze kukhishwe izinsimbi ematsheni. Ama-microorganisms adiliza insimbi bese ekhulula izinsimbi, ezingase zitholakale. I-Bio-leaching iyinqubo yemvelo neqhubekayo enomthelela ophansi kwemvelo. Ayidingi ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali anobuthi njenge-cyanide, futhi ingenziwa emazingeni okushisa aphansi kanye nezingcindezi. Kodwa-ke, i-bio - leaching iyinqubo ehamba kancane uma iqhathaniswa ne-cyanide - isizinda sokukhishwa, futhi ingase ingafaneleki zonke izinhlobo zensimbi.

Ukuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kwalezi zindlela ezihlukile akugcini nje ngokubhekana nezinkinga zemvelo nokuphepha okuhlobene ne-cyanide kodwa futhi kuvulela imboni yezimayini amathuba amasha ukuze isebenze ngendlela esimeme neyokwethembeka. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka buthuthuka, singalindela ukubona ezinye izindlela ezisebenza kahle nezingabizi kakhulu ze-cyanide zivela esikhathini esizayo.

Isiphetho

Ukuvinjelwa komhlaba wonke kwe-cyanide kumele isinyathelo esibalulekile esiya ekusaseni elisimeme neliphephe kakhudlwana. Ngenxa yokukhathazeka kwemvelo, ubungozi bezempilo, kanye nezingcindezi zomphakathi, lokhu kuvinjelwa kube nemithelela efinyelela kude ezicini ezihlukahlukene zomphakathi.

Imboni yezimayini, osekuyisikhathi eside isebenzisa kakhulu i-cyanide, ibhekane nezinselelo zokujwayela ukuvinjelwa. Kodwa-ke, lezi zinselele ziphinde zagqugquzela ukuqanjwa kabusha, okuholele ekuthuthukisweni kwezinye izindlela zokukhipha kanye nobuchwepheshe. Lezi zindlela ezihlukile azigcini nje ngokunciphisa ubungozi bemvelo nempilo obuhlobene ne-cyanide kodwa futhi zinikeza amandla okusebenza kwezimayini okuphumelelayo nokuqhubekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Imithelela yezomnotho yokuvinjelwa iyinkimbinkimbi, kukhona kokubili ukuphazamiseka kwesikhathi esifushane kanye namathuba esikhathi eside. Esikhathini esifushane, izifunda ezithembele kakhulu ezimbonini ezine-cyanide zingase zibe nokulahlekelwa yimisebenzi kanye nokwehla komnotho. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukukhula kwezimboni ezintsha ezigxile ekuthuthukiseni nasekuhlinzekeni ezinye izixazululo kungadala amathuba emisebenzi emisha futhi kukhuthaze ukukhula komnotho.

Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuvinjelwa kube nomthelela omuhle emvelweni nempilo yomphakathi. Ngokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide, ingozi yokungcoliswa kwemvelo, njengokungcoliswa kwamanzi nenhlabathi, iye yehla kakhulu. Lokhu-ke kusiza ukuvikela impilo yemiphakathi yendawo kanye nokugcina ukulingana kwemvelo.

Njengoba siqhubekela phambili, kubalulekile ukuthi izimboni ziqhubeke nokutshala imali ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni ukuze zithole ezinye izindlela ezisimeme nezisebenza kahle kune-cyanide. Ohulumeni nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe nabo badlala indima ebalulekile ekuphoqeleleni ukuvinjelwa, ekukhuthazeni ukusetshenziswa kobunye ubuchwepheshe, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi indawo ezungezile nempilo yomphakathi kuyavikelwa.

Indaba yokuvinjelwa kwe-cyanide emhlabeni wonke iwubufakazi bamandla okusebenza ngokubambisana ekubhekaneni nezinselele zemvelo nempilo. Kubonisa ukuthi ngokuqaphela ubungozi obuhlobene nezinto ezithile nokuthatha isinyathelo esiwujuqu, singakha ikusasa elisimeme neliqhakazile ngokwethu nezizukulwane ezizayo.