Izakhiwo Zomzimba kanye Nemingcele Eyinhloko ye-Sodium Cyanide

I-Sodium cyanide (NaCN) iyinhlanganisela yamakhemikhali enezicelo ezibalulekile zezimboni, kodwa futhi inobuthi obukhulu. Ukuqonda izakhiwo zayo zomzimba kanye nemingcele ebalulekile kubalulekile ekuphathweni nasekusetshenzisweni okuphephile emikhakheni eyahlukene.

I-1. Ukubukeka

I-sodium cyanide ngokuvamile ivela njengezinhlayiya zekristalu emhlophe noma impushana ngesimo sayo esimsulwa. Ezilungiselelweni zezimboni, zingase futhi kuhlangatshezwane nazo ngendlela yebhulokhi eyimbudumbudu noma eqinile. Umbala uvamise ukuba mhlophe qwa, okuyisici somzimba esingase sisetshenziselwe ukuhlonza indawo yaselabhorethri noma yezimboni. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ngenxa yobuthi bayo obukhulu, ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo kufanele kwenziwe kuphela ngezinyathelo zokuphepha ezifanele.

2. Iphunga

Inephunga elincanyana, elivame ukuchazwa njengephunga elibuthakathaka, elibabayo le-alimondi. Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi akuwona wonke umuntu ongakwazi ukuzwa leli phunga. Ikhono lokuhogela izinhlanganisela ze-cyanide linqunywa izakhi zofuzo, futhi ingxenye enkulu yabantu ayinawo isamukeli sokuhogela esidingekayo ukuze kusizwe leli phunga. Lokhu kwenza ukuthembela ephunga kuphela ukuze kutholakale kungathembeki, futhi izindlela zokuhlaziya eziyinkimbinkimbi ziyadingeka ekuvikeleni nasekuqapheni izimboni.

3. Isakhiwo Sekristalu

I-Sodium cyanide iyakhazimula ohlelweni lwekristalu le-cubic. Lesi sakhiwo sakhiwe ngokuhlelwa okuvamile kwama-sodium cations (Na⁺) nama-anion e-cyanide (CN⁻). Isakhiwo sekristalu le-cubic sinikeza i-Sodium cyanide izakhiwo zayo ezihlukile zesimo sokuqina, njengokungaqini kwayo kanye namaphethini okuqhekeka lapho icindezelwe ngomshini. Ukuhlelwa kwe-lattice ohlelweni lwe-cubic nakho kuthinta ezinye izakhiwo zomzimba njengokuncibilika kanye nokuziphatha kokuncibilika.

4. I-Melting Point

Iphuzu lokuncibilika kwe -Sodium Cyanide lingu-563.7 °C (836.8 K). Leli phuzu lokuncibilika eliphakeme kakhulu liwumphumela wezibopho ezinamandla ze-ionic phakathi kwama-ion e-sodium ne-cyanide. Ama-compound e-Ionic, njenge- sodium cyanide , adinga inani elikhulu lamandla ukuze aphule lezi zibopho futhi ashintshele esigabeni soketshezi kusukela kokuqinile kuya kwese-liquid. Leli phuzu lokuncibilika eliphezulu linemiphumela ekucutshungulweni kwalo kwezimboni. Isibonelo, kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza lapho kudingeka khona i-sodium cyanide encibilikisiwe, imishini ekhethekile yokushisa okuphezulu kumele isetshenziswe ukufinyelela nokugcina izinga lokushisa lokucubungula elidingekayo.

5. Iphuzu elibilayo

I-sodium cyanide ibilisa ku-1496 °C (1769 K). Ngokufanayo nendawo yayo yokuncibilika ephezulu, indawo yokubilisa ephezulu ingenxa yamandla amabhondi e-ionic kunhlanganisela. Amandla adingekayo ukuze ahlukanise ngokuphelele ama-ion komunye nomunye esigabeni soketshezi futhi awaguqulele esimweni esinegesi makhulu. Ephuzwini lokubilisa, umfutho womhwamuko we-sodium cyanide ulingana nomfutho womkhathi, ovumela uketshezi ukuba luguquke lube umhwamuko. Ulwazi lwephoyinti elibilayo lubalulekile ezinqubweni ezibandakanya ukucwiliswa kwamanzi noma izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lapho i-sodium cyanide ingase ibe khona esigabeni somhwamuko.

6. Ubukhulu

Ukuminyana kwe-sodium cyanide cishe ku-1.596 g/cm³. Lelivelu lokuminyana libonisa ukuthi lisinda kunamanzi, anobukhulu obungu-1 g/cm³ ezimeni ezijwayelekile. Ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo, uma i-sodium cyanide ibandakanyeka ekuchithekeni noma engozini endaweni enamanzi, izocwila phansi. Lesi sakhiwo sibalulekile ekucatshangelweni kwemvelo nokuphepha, njengoba kuthinta indlela into ezohlakazeka ngayo futhi iqukethwe uma kwenzeka ukukhishwa ngengozi.

7. Ukuncibilika

I-sodium cyanide incibilika kakhulu emanzini. Ihlukana kalula ibe ama-ion e-sodium (Na⁺) nama-ion cyanide (CN⁻) esixazululweni esinamanzi. I-solubility emanzini izinga lokushisa - lincike. Ku-0 °C, cishe u-40.8 g we-sodium cyanide ingancibilika ku-100 g wamanzi, futhi leli nani likhuphuka libe ngu-58.7 g/100 g wamanzi ku-20 °C kanye no-71.2 g/100 g wamanzi ku-30 ​​°C. Iphinde inyibilike kwezinye izincibilikisi ze-polar njenge-ammonia, i-ethanol, ne-methanol. Ukuncibilika kulezi zinyibilikisi kungenxa yekhono lama-molecule e-solvent ye-polar ukuxhumana nezinhlobo ze-ionic ze-sodium cyanide ngokusebenzisa amandla e-ion - dipole. Ezimbonini ezisetshenziswayo, njengasekukhishweni kwegolide nesiliva lapho i-sodium cyanide isetshenziswa esixazululweni esinamanzi, ukuncibilika kwayo okuphezulu emanzini kuyisici esibalulekile esivumela ukusabela okuyinkimbinkimbi nezinsimbi eziyigugu.

8. Hygroscopicity

I-sodium cyanide i-hygroscopic, okusho ukuthi inomkhuba oqinile wokumunca umswakama ovela emoyeni. Lapho livezwa emoyeni onomswakama, lingakwazi ukucosha ama- molecule amanzi futhi ekugcineni lincibilike, kwenze isixazululo esiwuketshezi. Lesi sakhiwo sihlobene nobudlabha baso. Izinto ezincibilikayo, njenge-sodium cyanide, zimunca umswakama omningi kangangokuthi zingashintsha zibe uketshezi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Le mvelo ye-hygroscopic ibeka izinselele ekugcinweni nasekuphathweni kwayo. Kumele igcinwe emoyeni - ezitsheni eziqinile endaweni eyomile ukuze ivinjwe ekumunceni umswakama, okungaholela ekwakhekeni kwegesi ye-hydrogen cyanide ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwe-hydrolysis.

9. I-vapor Pressure

Ukucindezela komhwamuko ogcwele we-sodium cyanide ngu-0.13 kPa ku-817 °C. I-vapor pressure ingcindezi ekhishwa umhwamuko wento ngokulingana nesigaba sayo esiwuketshezi noma esiqinile ezingeni lokushisa elithile. Ku-sodium cyanide, umfutho womhwamuko ophansi uma kuqhathaniswa namazinga okushisa ajwayelekile kusho ukuthi awubi shu. Nokho, njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, umfutho womhwamuko nawo uyanda. Emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, njengaphakathi kwezinqubo ezithile zezimboni noma uma kuba nomlilo, ukukhuphuka komfutho womhwamuko kungaholela ekukhishweni komhwamuko we-sodium cyanide onobuthi. Lokhu ukukhathazeka okubalulekile kokuphepha, njengoba ukuhogela umhwamuko we-sodium cyanide kungaba yingozi kakhulu futhi kungabulala.

10. I-Octanol - I-Coefficient Yokuhlukanisa Amanzi (log P)

I-octanol - i-partition coefficient yamanzi ye-sodium cyanide icishe ibe ngu-1.69. Le parameter iyisilinganiso sokuncibilika okuhlobene kwenhlanganisela ku-octanol (i-solvent engeyona indawo ezungezile) kanye namanzi (i-solvent ye-polar). Inani lelogi elingu-P elinegethivu le-sodium cyanide libonisa ukuthi inyibilika kakhulu emanzini kune-octanol. Ngamanye amazwi, inobudlelwane obuphezulu bezindawo ezipholile. Lesi sakhiwo sibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi i-sodium cyanide izoziphatha kanjani endaweni yemvelo, njengasemizimbeni yamanzi. Kumakhemikhali emvelo, i-octanol - water partition coefficient isetshenziselwa ukubikezela ukusatshalaliswa kwekhemikhali phakathi kwezingxenye ezihlukene zemvelo, njengamanzi, inhlabathi, nezinto eziphilayo. Njengoba i-sodium cyanide ithanda kakhulu amanzi, izothambekela ekubeni ihlale ohlelweni olunamanzi futhi ingase ibe yingozi empilweni yasemanzini uma ingena emanzini ngokukhishwa kwezimboni noma izingozi.

Sengiphetha, izici ezibonakalayo kanye nemingcele ebalulekile ye-sodium cyanide idlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwayo kwezimboni, kanye nokucatshangelwa kokuphepha kanye nemvelo. Ngenxa yobuthi bayo obudlulele, noma yikuphi ukuphatha noma ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kufanele kwenziwe ngokucophelela okukhulu, kulandelwa imigomo nemithetho eqinile yokuphepha.