Inqubo Ye-Cyanidation Ekucubunguleni Insimbi Yegolide

Isingeniso

The inqubo ye-cyanidation in ukucubungula insimbi yegolide ibambe iqhaza elibalulekile nelicishe lingenakushintshwa embonini yokumba igolide emhlabeni wonke. Igolide, nenani lalo lesikhathi eside njengensimbi eyigugu, selifunwa isintu izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Kusukela ekubeni wuphawu lomcebo namandla emiphakathini yakudala kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwayo kosuku lwanamuhla kubucwebe, izinto zikagesi, nokutshalwa kwezimali, isidingo segolide sihlala siphezulu ngokungaguquki.

Inqubo ye-cyanidation ibilokhu iyisisekelo sokumbiwa kwegolide iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Ukubaluleka kwayo kusekhonweni layo lokukhipha igolide ngempumelelo ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo ze-ore. Ngaphambi kokuthuthukiswa kwenqubo ye-cyanidation, izindlela zokukhipha igolide zazivame ukusebenza - zinamandla, zingasebenzi kahle, futhi zilimaza kakhulu imvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlanganiswa, indlela yangaphambili yokukhipha igolide, kwakuhilela ukusetshenziswa kwe-mercury ukuze kuhlanganiswe izinhlayiya zegolide. Kodwa-ke, le ndlela yayinezihibe ezinkulu, okuhlanganisa ubuthi obuphezulu be-mercury kanye namazinga aphansi okuthola kabusha kwezinye izinhlobo zensimbi.

Ngokuphambene, inqubo ye-cyanidation yenza izinguquko embonini yezimayini zegolide. Ngokusebenzisa izixazululo ze-cyanide, ingancibilikisa izinhlayiya zegolide, ngisho nalezo ezisatshalaliswa kahle ngaphakathi kwensimbi, ngezinga eliphakeme uma kuqhathaniswa lokusebenza kahle. Lokhu kuvumela izinkampani zezimayini ukuthi zikhiphe igolide ezinsimbini ebezithathwa njengezingenamnotho ukuthi zicutshungulwe. Eqinisweni, ingxenye enkulu yokukhiqizwa kwegolide emhlabeni namuhla, okulinganiselwa ngaphezu kwama-80%, incike ohlelweni lwe-cyanidation ngandlela thize. Noma ngabe izimayini zemigodi emikhulu eNingizimu Afrika, e-United States, noma ezingaphansi komhlaba e-Australia naseShayina, inqubo ye-cyanidation iyindlela yokukhipha igolide. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo okubanzi kuwubufakazi bokusebenza kwayo nokusebenza kwezomnotho ezweni eliyinkimbinkimbi nelincintisanayo lokumbiwa kwegolide.

Iyini inqubo yeCyanidation

Inqubo ye-cyanidation, emnyombweni wayo, iyindlela yokukhipha amakhemikhali esebenzisa izakhiwo zamakhemikhali eziyingqayizivele zama-ion e-cyanide. Esimweni sokucutshungulwa kwegolide, isisekelo saloI-CIPi-le igxile ekuphenduleni kokuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwe-cyanide ions (CN^- ) negolide lamahhala.

Igolide ngokwemvelo livame ukuba khona esimweni esikhululekile, ngisho nalapho lihlanganiswe ngaphakathi kwamanye amaminerali. Uma amaminerali ahlanganisiwe esephukile avuleka, igolide livezwa njengegolide eliyisisekelo. Ama-cyanide ions anobudlelwane obuqinile begolide. Lapho i-ore ephethe igolide ivezwa ku-cyanide - equkethe isixazululo, ama-ion e-cyanide akha inkimbinkimbi eqinile enama-athomu egolide. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kungamelwa yi-equation elandelayo:

4Au + 8NaCN+O_2 + 2H_2O = 4Na[Au(CN)_2]+4NaOH. Kulesi senzo, ngaphansi kwesenzo somoya-mpilo, ama-athomu egolide ahlangana nama-ion e-cyanide akhe igolide elincibilikayo - i-cyanide complex, i-sodium dicyanoaurate (Na[Au(CN)_2]). Lokhu kuguqulwa kuvumela igolide, ekuqaleni ebelingaphakathi kwensimbi eqinile, ukuba lincibilike libe yisixazululo, liyihlukanise nezinye izingxenye zensimbi okungeyona igolide.

Ukukhuluma ngokuqinile, inqubo ye-cyanidation ayiweli ngaphakathi kobubanzi bendabuko bokucutshungulwa kwezimbiwa kodwa ihlukaniswa njenge-hydrometallurgy. Ukucutshungulwa kwamaminerali ngokuvamile kuhilela izindlela zokuhlukanisa ngokomzimba njengokuchotshozwa, ukugaya, ukuntanta, nokuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi ukuze kuhlukaniswe amaminerali abalulekile kumaminerali e-ganggue. Ngokuphambene, i-hydrometallurgy isebenzisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ukuze ikhiphe izinsimbi ezinsimbini zazo ngesisombululo esinamanzi. Inqubo ye-cyanidation, nokuthembela kwayo ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali ukuze incibilikise igolide kusixazululo esine-cyanide, ngokusobala ingeyomkhakha we-hydrometallurgy. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kubalulekile njengoba kuhlukanisa inqubo ye-cyanidation kwamanye amasu okucubungula i-ore esekelwe ngokomzimba futhi kugqamisa imvelo yayo eqhutshwa ngamakhemikhali - ukusabela - ekukhishweni kwegolide.

Izinhlobo Zezinqubo Ze-Cyanidation: I-CIP ne-CIL

Emkhakheni wezinqubo ze-cyanidation zokukhishwa kwegolide, izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko ziyagqama: inqubo yeCarbon - in - Pulp (CIP) kanye nenqubo yeCarbon - in - Leach (CIL).

Inqubo ye-CIP ibonakala ngokusebenza okulandelanayo. Okokuqala, i-pulp yegolide ene-ore ingena esigabeni sokukhipha. Kulesi sigaba, i-ore ixubene ne-cyanide - equkethe isisombululo. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele zokutholakala komoyampilo, i-pH, nezinga lokushisa, igolide ku-ore lakha inkimbinkimbi encibilikayo nama-ion e-cyanide, njengoba kuchazwe ekuphenduleni okuyisisekelo kwe-cyanidation. Ngemuva kokuthi inqubo yokucwilisa isiqediwe, ikhabhoni ecushiwe yethulwa ku-pulp. Ikhabhoni ecushiwe bese ikhangisa inkimbinkimbi yegolide - cyanide evela kusixazululo. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwezinyathelo ze-leaching kanye ne-adsorption kuvumela inqubo elawulwa kakhulu nelungiselelwe kahle kwezinye izimo. Isibonelo, ezimayini lapho insimbi inokwakheka okuzinzile futhi izimo zokucwiliswa zingagcinwa kahle, inqubo ye-CIP ingafinyelela amazinga aphezulu okutholwa kwegolide.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inqubo ye-CIL imele indlela edidiyelwe. Enqubweni ye-CIL, ukucwiliswa kwegolide ku-ore kanye nokukhangiswa kwegolide - i-cyanide complex ngekhabhoni ecushiwe kwenzeka kanyekanye. Lokhu kufezwa ngokungeza ikhabhoni ecushiwe ngqo emathangeni aleaching. Inzuzo yenqubo ye-CIL isekusetshenzisweni kwayo ngokuphumelelayo kwemishini nesikhathi. Njengoba i-leaching kanye ne-adsorption kuhlangene, asikho isidingo semishini eyengeziwe noma isikhathi sokudlulisa i-pulp phakathi kwezigaba ze-leaching kanye ne-adsorption. Lokhu kunciphisa yonke indawo yesikhungo sokucubungula futhi kungaholela ekongeni izindleko ngokuya kokubili kokutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kanye nezindleko zokusebenza. Isibonelo, emisebenzini yezimayini enkulu lapho ukukhiqiza kuyisici esibalulekile, inqubo ye-CIL ingaphatha umthamo omkhulu wensimbi ngesikhathi esifushane, ikhulise ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza.

Eminyakeni yakamuva, inqubo ye-CIL iye yamukelwa kakhulu izitshalo ze-cyanidation emhlabeni jikelele. Ikhono layo lokusebenzisa izinto zokukhiqiza ngempumelelo liyinikeza umkhawulo phezu kwenqubo ye-CIP ezimeni eziningi. Imvelo eqhubekayo yenqubo ye-CIL iphinde iholele ekusebenzeni okuzinzile, nokuhlukahluka okuncane kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo wokugcina. Ukwengeza, inani elincishisiwe lezinyathelo zenqubo ku-CIL lisho ukuthi mancane amathuba amaphutha noma ukulahlekelwa ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa kwezinto phakathi kwezigaba ezihlukene zenqubo. Nokho, ukukhetha phakathi kwe-CIP ne-CIL akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kuncike ezicini ezihlukahlukene ezifana nohlobo lwetshe lensimbi, isikali sokusebenza kwezimayini, imali etholakalayo yokutshalwa kwezimali, kanye nezidingo zendawo zendawo kanye nokulawula. Ezinye izimayini zisengakhetha inqubo ye-CIP ngenxa yemvelo yayo engcono - eqondwayo futhi ehlukene kakhudlwana, okungaba lula ukuyiphatha ezimeni ezithile.

Izidingo Ezibalulekile Kwinqubo Ye-Cyanidation

Ukugaya Fineness

Ukucoleka kokugaya kudlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwe-cyanidation. Njengoba ukusebenza kahle kwe-cyanidation kuncike emandleni okuveza igolide elimboziwe, ukugaya ngokucophelela kubalulekile. Ezitshalweni ezijwayelekile ze-carbon - in - pulp (CIP), izidingo zokucoleka ukuze insimbi ingene ekusebenzeni kwe-cyanidation ziqinile impela. Ngokuvamile, ingxenye yezinhlayiya ezinobukhulu obungu -0.074mm kufanele ifinyelele ku-80 - 95%. Kwezinye izimayini lapho igolide lisatshalaliswa khona nge-浸染 - njengephethini, ukucoleka kokugaya kudingekile nakakhulu, nengxenye engu--0.037mm yezinhlayiya edingekayo ukuze ibe ngaphezu kuka-95%.

Ukuze kuzuzwe ukugaya okunjalo okuhle, umsebenzi wokugaya isiteji esisodwa ngokuvamile akwanele. Ezimweni eziningi, ukugaya isiteji ezimbili noma ezintathu kuyadingeka. Isibonelo, emayini yegolide yesikali eNtshonalanga ye-Australia, insimbi ingena ezigabeni ezimbili zokugaya. Isigaba sokuqala sisebenzisa isigayo esikhulu - umthamo webhola ukunciphisa usayizi wezinhlayiyana ngokwezinga elithile, bese umkhiqizo uphinde ugaywe endaweni yesibili - isigayo esinyakaziswayo. Le nqubo yokugaya izigaba eziningi inganciphisa kancane kancane usayizi wezinhlayiya zensimbi, iqinisekise ukuthi izinhlayiya zegolide zivezwe ngokugcwele futhi zingasabela ngempumelelo ngesisombululo se-cyanide ngesikhathi senqubo ye-cyanidation. Uma inhlawulo yokugaya ingahlangatshezwana nayo, izinhlayiya zegolide zingase zingavezwa ngokugcwele, okuholela ekuncibilikeni okungaphelele ngesikhathi se-cyanidation kanye nokwehliswa okukhulu kwezinga lokutholwa kwegolide.

Ukuvimbela i-Cyanide Hydrolysis

Izinhlanganisela ze-cyanide ezivame ukusetshenziswa enqubweni ye-cyanidation, njenge-potassium cyanide (KCN), I-sodium cyanide (NaCN), kanye ne-calcium cyanide (Ca(CN)_2), wonke usawoti wezisekelo eziqinile nama-acids abuthakathaka. Esixazululo esinamanzi, bathambekele ekuphenduleni kwe-hydrolysis. Ukusabela kwe-hydrolysis I-Sodium Cyanide ingamelwa yi-equation:

I-NaCN + H_2O\rightleftharpoons HCN+NaOH. Njengoba i-hydrogen cyanide (HCN) iguquguquka, le nqubo ye-hydrolysis iholela ekwehleni kokugxila kwe-cyanide ion (CN^- ) ku-pulp, okulimaza ukusabela kwe-cyanidation.

Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga, indlela ephumelela kakhulu ukukhulisa ukuhlushwa kwe-hydroxide ions ( OH ^-), okulingana nokwandisa inani le-pH lesisombululo. Ezisetshenziswa ezimbonini, i-lime (CaO ) iyisilungisi se-pH esisetshenziswa kakhulu futhi esibiza kakhulu. Lapho umcako ufakwa esixazululweni, uphendulana namanzi wenze i-calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)_2 ), ehlukanisa ukukhulula ama-ion e-hydroxide, ngaleyo ndlela andise inani le-pH. Ukusabela komcako namanzi kuthi: , CaO + H_2O=Ca(OH)_2 & Ca(OH)_2\rightleftharpoons Ca^{2 + }+2OH^- .

Kodwa-ke, lapho usebenzisa i-lime ukulungisa inani le-pH, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-lime nayo inomphumela we-flocculation. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-lime ihlakazeka ngokulinganayo futhi ingadlala indima yayo ngokuphumelelayo, ivame ukungezwa ngesikhathi sokugaya. Emayini yegolide eNingizimu Afrika, i-lime yengezwa emshinini wokugaya ibhola ngesikhathi sokugaya. Lokhu akuvumeli nje kuphela ukuthi umcako uhlanganiswe ngokugcwele ne-ore slurry kodwa futhi kusizakala ngokunyakaza okuqinile komshini emshinini wokugaya ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umcako usakazwa ngokulinganayo odaka, ukuvimbela ngempumelelo i-hydrolysis ye-cyanide nokugcina ukugxila okuzinzile kwama-ion e-cyanide ohlelweni olulandelayo lwe-cyanidation. Ngokuvamile, ekusebenzeni kwe-carbon - in - pulp, inani le-pH ebangeni lika-10 - 11 litholakala linikeza imiphumela engcono kakhulu.

Ukulawula Ukugxila Kwe-Pulp

Ukugxila kwe-pulp kunomthelela omkhulu ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwegolide ne-cyanide kanye naphakathi kwegolide - i-cyanide complex kanye ne-activated carbon. Uma ukugxiliswa kwe-pulp kuphezulu kakhulu, izinhlayiya cishe zizokwehla ngaphezulu kwekhabhoni ecushiwe, zivimbele ukumenyezelwa okusebenzayo kwenhlanganisela yegolide - i-cyanide yikhabhoni ecushiwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ukugxiliswa kwe-pulp kuphansi kakhulu, izinhlayiya zivame ukuhlala kalula, futhi ukugcina inani le-pH elifanele kanye nokugxila kwe-cyanide, inani elikhulu lama-reagents lidinga ukungezwa, okwandisa izindleko zokukhiqiza.

Ngokuhamba kweminyaka yokuzijwayeza ukukhiqiza, kuye kwanqunywa ukuthi ngenqubo yokukhipha igolide le-carbon - in - pulp, ukugxiliswa kwe-pulp okungama-40 - 45% kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-cyanide okungu-300 - 500 ppm kufaneleka kakhulu. Isibonelo, endaweni yokucubungula igolide e-Nevada, e-U.S.A., ukugcina ukugxiliswa kwe-pulp ngaphakathi kwalolu banga kuye kwazuza amanani aphezulu okuthola igolide. Kodwa-ke, uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi ukugxilwa komkhiqizo wokugcina kokusebenza kwezigaba ezimbili kuya kwezintathu kuvamise ukuba ngaphansi kuka-20%, ngaphambi kokungena ekuhlinzekweni kokucwiliswa, i-pulp idinga ukwenza inqubo yokujiya.

Ukusebenza kokuqina ngokuvamile kwenziwa ku-thickener. Umgomo we-thickener ukusebenzisa umphumela wokuthungula ukuhlukanisa izinhlayiya eziqinile oketshezini oluku-pulp, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise ukugxila kwe-pulp. Embonini yesimanje yegolide - ukucubungula, ama-thickeners aphezulu avame ukusetshenziswa. Lawa ma-thickeners afakwe izinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe zokulawula ukugeleza kwe-flocculation kanye ne-sedimentation, ezingakhuphula ngokushesha futhi ngempumelelo ukugxiliswa kwe-pulp ezingeni elidingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe i-cyanidation leaching elandelayo, iqinisekise inqubekela phambili eshelelayo yenqubo ye-cyanidation kanye nokukhipha igolide okusezingeni eliphezulu.

I-Cyanidation Leaching Mechanism

I-Aeration kanye ne-Oxidant

Inqubo ye-cyanidation iyinqubo ye-aerobic, futhi lokhu kungaboniswa ngokucacile nge-chemical reaction equation. Ukusabela okuyinhloko kokuncibilika kwegolide kunqubo ye-cyanidation ngu-4Au + 8NaCN+O_2 + 2H_2O = 4Na[Au(CN)_2]+4NaOH . Kusukela kule zibalo, kusobala ukuthi umoya-mpilo (O_2 ) udlala indima ebalulekile ekuphenduleni. Phakathi nenqubo yokukhiqiza, ukwethula i-oksijini kungasheshisa kakhulu izinga le-leaching. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umoya-mpilo ubamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni kwe-redox, faCILithambisa i-oxidation yegolide kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwayo okulandelayo nama-ion cyanide. Isibonelo, ezindaweni eziningi zokucubungula igolide, umoya ocindezelwe uvame ukungeniswa ku-cyanide - equkethe isisombululo. I-oxygen emoyeni inikeza indawo edingekayo ye-oxidizing ukuze ukusabela kuqhubeke kahle.

Ngaphezu kokungenisa umoya, ukwengezwa okufanele kwama-oxidizing agents nakho kungathuthukisa inqubo yokucwilisa. I-hydrogen peroxide (H_2O_2) iyi-ejenti eyenza okoxidizing evame ukusetshenziswa enqubweni ye-cyanidation. Lapho i-hydrogen peroxide yengezwa, ingahlinzeka ngezinhlobo ezengeziwe ze-oksijini esebenzayo, ezingase zikhuthaze ukuqhubeka kwe-oxidation yegolide nokuqedwa kwamaminerali anegolide. Ukusabela kwe-hydrogen peroxide enegolide lapho kukhona i-cyanide kungamelwa isibalo: 2Au+4NaCN+H_2O_2 = 2Na[Au(CN)_2]+2NaOH . Lokhu kusabela kubonisa ukuthi i-hydrogen peroxide ingangena esikhundleni sendima ethile ye-oksijini ekuphenduleni kwe-cyanidation, futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ingaholela esilinganisweni esisheshayo sokuvuza.

Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi inani eliningi lama-oxidizing agents lingaba nemiphumela emibi. Uma inani le-oxidizing ejenti liphezulu kakhulu, lingabangela ukuxutshwa kwama-ion e-cyanide. Isibonelo, i-hydrogen peroxide ingasabela nama-ion cyanide ukuze yakhe i-cyanate ion (CNO^-). Ukusabela kungokulandelayo: CN^-+H_2O_2 = CNO^-+H_2O . Ukwakhiwa kwe-cyanate ions kunciphisa ukugxila kwe-cyanide ions esixazululweni, okubalulekile ekuhlanganiseni ngegolide. Ngenxa yalokho, ukusebenza kahle kokucwiliswa kwegolide kungase kwehle, futhi inqubo yokukhiqiza iyonke ingase ithinteke kabi. Ngakho-ke, umthamo wama-oxidizing agents udinga ukulawulwa ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo ye-cyanidation.

Isilinganiso se-reagent

Ngokwethiyori, ukusabela okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwegolide ne-cyanide kunobudlelwane obuthile be-stoichiometric. Kusukela kumakhemikhali equation 4Au + 8NaCN+O_2 + 2H_2O = 4Na[Au(CN)_2]+4NaOH, singabala ukuthi imvukuzane engu-1 yegolide (Au) idinga imvukuzane engu-2 yama-ion e-cyanide (CN^-) ukuze kube yinkimbinkimbi. Mayelana nesisindo, cishe igremu elingu-1 legolide lidinga cishe amagremu angu-0.5 we-cyanide njenge-reagent leaching. Lesi sibalo sinikeza ireferensi eyisisekelo yenani lama-reagents adingekayo kunqubo ye-cyanidation.

Noma kunjalo, ekukhiqizeni kwangempela, isimo siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngenxa yokuba khona kwamanye amaminerali egolide - i-ore ene-ore. Amaminerali afana nesiliva (Ag), ithusi (Cu), umthofu (Pb), kanye ne-zinc (Zn) nawo angasabela ngama-ion e-cyanide. Isibonelo, ithusi lingakha ama-copper ahlukahlukene - ama-cyanide complexes. Ukusabela kwethusi nge-cyanide kungavezwa njengokuthi Cu^{2 + }+4CN^-=[Cu(CN)_4]^{2 - } . Lokhu kusabela okuncintisanayo kudla inani elikhulu le-cyanide, okwandisa umthamo wangempela odingekayo.

Ngakho-ke, ekusebenzeni okungokoqobo, ukunqunywa komthamo we-reagent akukwazi ukusekelwe kuphela kwizibalo zethiyori. Kunalokho, kufanele ilungiswe ngokwezinga lokugcina leaching. Lapho izakhiwo ze-ore zishintsha, ukulandelela okuqhubekayo nokulungiswa komthamo we-reagent kuyadingeka. Ngokuvamile, kubhekwa njengokunengqondo ukuthi umthamo wangempela we-cyanide ube izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-200 - 500 kunevelu ebaliwe. Lolu hlu olubanzi lokuchezuka lubangela ukuhlukahluka kokwakheka kwensimbi kanye nokusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwamaminerali ahlukahlukene. Ngokuqapha ngokucophelela izinga lokuvuza kanye nokulungisa umthamo we-reagent ngokufanele, inqubo yokukhipha igolide ingafinyelela ukusebenza kahle okungcono kanye nezinzuzo zezomnotho.

Multi-stage Leaching kanye Leaching Isikhathi

Ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kokusebenza okuqhubekayo nokugcina ukugxila okuzinzile kwama-ion e-cyanide esixazululweni, i-multi-stage leaching ivame ukusetshenziswa. Ohlelweni lwe-multi-stage leaching leaching, i-ore pulp idlula ngokulandelana emathangeni amaningi okuleaching. Ithangi ngalinye lifaka isandla ekuhlakazweni okuqhubekayo kwegolide kanye nokugcinwa kwe-cyanide - ion concentration. Njengoba i-pulp ihamba isuka kwelinye ithangi iye kwelinye, inkimbinkimbi yegolide - cyanide iyakhiwa kancane kancane futhi ukuhlangana kwama-ion amahhala e-cyanide kuyalungiswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukusabela kuyaqhubeka kahle. Le ndlela yesiteji isiza ukuvimba noma yikuphi ukuguquka kwezimo zokusabela futhi inikeza indawo ezinzile yenqubo ye-cyanidation. Isibonelo, esikalini esikhulu sokumba igolide eNtshonalanga ye-Australia, kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwezigaba ezinhlanu lokuleaching. Isigaba sokuqala siqala inqubo yokucwilisa, futhi izigaba ezilandelayo ziphinde zikhiphe igolide futhi kugcinwe ibhalansi ye-cyanide - ion, okuholela ekusebenzeni kahle kokucwiliswa kwegolide nezinzile.

Isikhathi sokuvuza siyisici esibalulekile ekunqumeni umthamo wethangi le-leaching. Kodwa-ke, ayikho ifomula elula futhi ejwayelekile yokubala isikhathi sokufunda. Isitshalo ngasinye se-carbon - in - pulp (CIP) noma i-carbon - in - leach (CIL) kufanele sithembele kudatha yokuhlola ukuze sinqume isikhathi esifanele sokuvuza. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isikhathi sokuvuza sithintwa izici eziningi, okuhlanganisa uhlobo nokwakheka kwe-ore, ukugxilisana kwama-reagents, izinga lokushisa, namandla okuyaluza. Isibonelo, embonini yokucubungula igolide eNingizimu Afrika, ukuhlolwa okubanzi kwelabhorethri - isikali kanye nokuhlola - kwenziwa ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kwesikhungo. Lezi zivivinyo zibandakanya ukushintshashintsha kwesikhathi sokucwiliswa kwamanzi kanye nokuqapha izinga legolide - leaching ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukene. Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokuhlola, isikhathi esilungile sokuvuza sanqunywa ukuthi sibe amahora angama-24 ohlotsheni oluthile lwensimbi olucutshungulwa kuleso sitshalo.

Uma isitshalo sincika ngokuphuphutheka kokuhlangenwe nakho ngaphandle kokwenza izivivinyo ezifanele, maningi amathuba okuthi sihlangabezane nokwehluleka kokukhiqiza. Isibonelo, umsebenzi wokumba igolide ngezinga elincane endaweni ethile uzame ukusebenzisa isikhathi sokucwiliswa kwemayini engumakhelwane njengesithenjwa ngaphandle kokucabangela umehluko wezakhiwo zabo zensimbi. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinga legolide- leaching laliphansi kakhulu kunalokho obekulindelwe, futhi izindleko zokukhiqiza zenyuka kakhulu ngenxa yokungasebenzi kahle kwe-leaching kanye nesidingo sokusetshenziswa okwengeziwe kwe-reagent. Ngakho-ke, ukunqunywa okunembile kwesikhathi sokuvuza ngedatha yokuhlola kubalulekile ekusebenzeni ngempumelelo kwemboni yokukhipha i-cyanidation - based gold - extraction.

Post - cyanidation Operations

Uma ikhabhoni ecushiwe enegolide, eyaziwa ngokuthi ikhabhoni elayishiwe, ifinyelela ezingeni legolide - i-adsorption engaphezu kuka-3000g/t, kubhekwa ukuthi yonke inqubo ye-carbon - in - pulp adsorption isiqediwe. Kodwa-ke, ukuba khona kokungcola kokuqukethwe okuphezulu njengethusi nesiliva ku-ore kungathinta kakhulu umthamo we-adsorption we-activated carbon. Lokhu kungcola kungaqhudelana negolide ngeziza ze-adsorption kukhabhoni ecushiwe, okuholela ekuhlulekeni kwebanga elilayishiwe - lekhabhoni ukufinyelela kulokho okulindelekile. Uma ikhabhoni ecushiwe ingasakwazi ukukhangisa igolide ngempumelelo, ithathwa njengegcwele.

Ukuze uthole i-saturated activated carbon, izindlela ezimbalwa zingasetshenziswa ukuze kutholwe igolide. Enye indlela evamile i-desorption kanye ne-electrolysis. Enqubweni ye-desorption, isisombululo samakhemikhali sisetshenziswa ukuhlubula inkimbinkimbi yegolide - i-cyanide kukhabhoni ecushiwe egcwele. Isibonelo, endleleni yokushisa ephezulu kanye ne-high-pressure desorption, i-saturated activated carbon ifakwa ohlelweni lwe-desorption enemibandela ethile. Ngokungeza ama-anion akhangiswa kalula yikhabhoni ecushiwe, i-Au(CN)_2^- complex iyasuswa endaweni yekhabhoni. Indlela yokusabela ihlanganisa ukushintshaniswa kwenhlanganisela yegolide - i-cyanide nama-anion angeziwe, okwenza igolide likhishelwe esixazululo. Ngemuva kokukhishwa kwe-desorption, isixazululo esiwumphumela, esaziwa ngokuthi isixazululo esikhulelwe, siqukethe inani eliphakeme kakhulu lama-ion egolide.

Isixazululo esikhulelwe sibe sesenziwe nge-electrolysis. Kuseli ye-electrolysis, kusetshenziswa umsinga kagesi. Ama-ion egolide ekhambi akhangwa ku-cathode, lapho athola khona ama-electron futhi ancishiswa abe yigolide lensimbi. Inqubo ingamelwa isibalo: Au^+ + e^-\rightarrow Au . Igolide liqoqa ku-cathode ngendlela yodaka lwegolide, olungase lucutshungulwe ukuze kutholwe igolide elihlanzekile.

Ezifundeni lapho ukukhiqizwa kwegolide kugxilwe khona, enye inketho ukuthengisa ikhabhoni elayishiwe. Lokhu kungaba ukukhetha okunenzuzo njengoba ezinye izinkampani ezikhethekile zikuhlomele ukuphatha ukuqhubeka nokucutshungulwa kwekhabhoni elayishiwe. Zinobuchwepheshe nezinsiza zokukhipha igolide kukhabhoni elayishiwe, futhi izinkampani zezimayini zegolide zingathola imali ngokuthengisa ikhabhoni elayishiwe kulezi zinkampani.

Enye indlela elula iwukushisa. Lapho ikhabhoni elayishiwe ishiswa, izakhi ze-organic zekhabhoni ecushiwe ziyafakwa futhi zishiswe, kuyilapho igolide lisala endaweni eyingxube yegolide, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-dore gold. Igolide le-Dore ngokuvamile liqukethe ingxenye ephezulu yegolide kanye nokungcola okuthile. Ngemva kokusha, igolide le-dore lingaqhubeka licwengisiswa ngezinqubo ezinjengokuncibilikiswa nokuhlanzwa ukuze kutholwe imikhiqizo yegolide emsulwa ehlangabezana namazinga okusetshenziswa kwezentengiso kubucwebe, izinto zikagesi, nezimboni zokutshalwa kwezimali.

Izinzuzo kanye Nemibi Yenqubo Ye-Cyanidation

Izinzuzo

1. Izinga Lokubuyisela Eliphezulu: Enye yezinzuzo ezibaluleke kakhulu zenqubo ye-cyanidation izinga layo eliphezulu lokululama. Ngegolide elijwayelekile eline-oxidized - i-quartz ene-vein ores, uma usebenzisa inqubo ye-carbon - in - pulp (CIP) noma i-carbon - in - leach (CIL), inani lokutholwa kwenani lingafinyelela ngaphezu kwama-93%. Kweminye imisebenzi eyenziwe kahle, izinga lokutakula lingaba phezulu nakakhulu. Leli zinga eliphezulu lokululama lisho ukuthi izinkampani zezimayini zingakhipha ingxenye enkulu yegolide elikhona ensimbini ensimbi, okwenza kube nembuyiselo yezomnotho emsebenzini wokumba. Isibonelo, emayini yegolide esikalini e-United States, ngokulawula ngokuqinile imingcele yenqubo efana nokucoleka kokugaya, ukugxiliswa kwe-pulp, kanye nesilinganiso se-reagent, izinga lokutholwa kwegolide lenqubo ye-cyanidation liye lagcinwa cishe ku-95% isikhathi eside, eliphakeme kakhulu kunezinye izindlela eziningi zokukhipha igolide.

2. Ukusebenza Okubanzi: Inqubo ye-cyanidation ifaneleka ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zegolide - ezithwala ama-ores. Ingakwazi ukuphatha ngokuphumelelayo hhayi kuphela ama-ore egolide ane-oxidized kodwa futhi namanye ama-sulfide - anezinsimbi zegolide. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi igolide lisendaweni ekhululekile noma lifakwe ngaphakathi kwamanye amaminerali, inqubo ye-cyanidation ngokuvamile ingancibilikisa igolide ngosizo lokwelashwa kwangaphambili okufanele kanye nokulawula inqubo. Isibonelo, kwezinye izimayini eNingizimu Melika lapho ama-ore equkethe ingxube ye-sulfide namaminerali egolide ane-oxidized, inqubo ye-cyanidation isetshenziswe ngempumelelo. Ngemuva kwe-oxidation efanele yokwelashwa kwangaphambili kwamaminerali e-sulfide, inqubo ye-cyanidation ingafinyelela imiphumela yegolide eyanelisayo - isizinda, ekhombisa ukuguquguquka kwayo okuqinile ezinhlotsheni ze-ore ehlukene.

3. Ubuchwepheshe Abakhulile: Ngomlando weminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, inqubo ye-cyanidation isiphenduke ubuchwepheshe obuvuthwe kakhulu embonini yegolide - yezimayini. Imishini kanye nezinqubo zokusebenza zisungulwe kahle, futhi kunenani elikhulu lesipiliyoni nedatha eqoqwe. Lokhu kukhula kusho ukuthi inqubo kulula ukuyisebenzisa nokulawula. Izinkampani zezimayini zingathembela emazingeni obuchwepheshe akhona kanye nemihlahlandlela ukuklama, ukwakha, nokusebenzisa izitshalo ze-cyanidation. Isibonelo, idizayini yamathangi e-cyanidation leaching, ukukhethwa kwekhabhoni ecushiwe ukuze kufakwe i-adsorption, nokulawulwa komthamo we-reagent konke kunezinqubo nezindlela ezijwayelekile. Izitshalo ezisanda kwakhiwa ze-cyanidation zingaqala ngokushesha futhi zifinyelele izimo zokukhiqiza ezizinzile, zinciphise ubungozi obuhlobene nokutholwa kobuchwepheshe obusha.

Okumbi

1. Ubuthi beCyanide: I-drawback evelele kakhulu yenqubo ye-cyanidation ubuthi be-cyanide. I-Cyanide compounds, njenge i-sodium cyanide kanye ne-potassium cyanide, yizinto ezinobuthi obukhulu. Ngisho nenani elincane le-cyanide lingaba yingozi kakhulu empilweni yomuntu nasendaweni ezungezile. Uma i-cyanide - equkethe izixazululo ivuza ngesikhathi sokumba, ingangcolisa umhlabathi, imithombo yamanzi, nomoya. Isibonelo, kwezinye izingozi zezimayini zomlando, ukuvuza kwe-cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile kwaholela ekufeni kwenani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini emifuleni nasemachibini aseduze, futhi kwabeka usongo empilweni yezakhamuzi zendawo. Ukuhogela umoya, ukumunca, noma ukuthinta isikhumba nge-cyanide kungabangela izimpawu ezimbi kakhulu zobuthi kubantu, okuhlanganisa isiyezi, isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, futhi ezimeni ezimbi kakhulu, kungabulala. Ngakho-ke, izinyathelo eziqinile zokuphepha nokuvikelwa kwemvelo ziyadingeka ekusetshenzisweni kwe-cyanide, okwandisa ubunzima kanye nezindleko zokusebenza kwezimayini.

2. I-Complex and Costly Post - ukwelashwa: Imisebenzi yokwelashwa ngemva kwenqubo ye-cyanidation iyinkimbinkimbi futhi idinga inani elikhulu lokutshalwa kwezimali. Ngemuva kokuthi ikhabhoni ecushiwe ephethe igolide ifinyelele ekugcwaleni, izinqubo ezifana ne-desorption, i-electrolysis, noma ukushiswa ziyadingeka ukuze kutholwe igolide elimsulwa. Izinqubo ze-desorption kanye ne-electrolysis zidinga imishini ekhethekile nama-reagents amakhemikhali. Isibonelo, enqubweni ye-desorption, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nemishini ye-high-pressure ingadingeka, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwezixazululo zamakhemikhali ze-desorption nakho kudinga ukulawulwa ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukutholakala kwegolide kanye nokuvuselelwa kabusha kwama-reagents. Ukwengeza, ukulungiswa kwezinsalela zemfucuza kanye namanzi angcolile akhiqizwa ngesikhathi senqubo yokwelashwa nakho kuyinselele. Izinsalela zemfucuza zisengaqukatha amanani amancane e-cyanide nezinye izinto eziyingozi, futhi amanzi angcolile adinga ukugezwa ukuze ahlangabezane nezindinganiso eziqinile zokuchithwa kwemvelo, konke okunomthelela ezindlekweni eziphezulu zayo yonke inqubo ye-cyanidation.

3. Ukuzwela Ukungcola Kwensimbi: Inqubo ye-cyanidation izwela kakhulu ekungcoleni kwe-ore. Amaminerali afana nethusi, isiliva, umthofu, ne-zinc angasabela nge-cyanide, adle inani elikhulu lama-reagents e-cyanide. Lokhu akugcini nje ukwandisa izindleko zama-reagents kodwa futhi kunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhipha igolide. Isibonelo, lapho okuqukethwe kwethusi ku-ore kuphezulu, ithusi lingenza ithusi elizinzile - izakhiwo ze-cyanide, ezincintisana negolide kuma-ion e-cyanide. Ngenxa yalokho, inani le-cyanide elitholakalayo ekwenzeni igolide liyancipha, futhi izinga lokucwiliswa kwegolide lingase lithinteke kakhulu. Kwezinye izimo, kungase kudingeke izinyathelo ezengeziwe zokwelashwa kusengaphambili ukuze kususwe noma kuncishiswe umthelela walokhu kungcola, okwandisa nakakhulu inkimbinkimbi nezindleko zenqubo yezimayini.

Isiphetho

Sengiphetha, inqubo ye-cyanidation iwubuchwepheshe obubaluleke kakhulu embonini yezimayini zegolide. Izinga layo eliphezulu lokululama, ukusetshenziswa okubanzi, kanye nobuchwepheshe obuvuthiwe kuyenze yaba indlela ehamba phambili yokukhipha igolide emhlabeni jikelele. Kwenze ukuba kukhishwe igolide ezinhlobonhlobo ze-ore, okunomthelela omkhulu ekutholakaleni kwegolide emhlabeni jikelele.

Kodwa-ke, inqubo ye-cyanidation ayinazo izinselele zayo. Ubuthi be-cyanide bubeka usongo olukhulu empilweni yomuntu kanye nemvelo. Izinyathelo eziqinile zokuphepha kanye nokuvikela imvelo kufanele zisetshenziswe ukuvimbela ukuvuza kwe-cyanide futhi kuqinisekiswe ukwelashwa okufanele kwe-cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile nezinsalela zemfucuza. Ukwengeza, imisebenzi yokwelapha eyinkimbinkimbi nebizayo, kanye nokuzwela kwenqubo ekungcoleni kwensimbi, kwengeza ebunzimeni nasezindlekweni zokukhiqizwa kwegolide.

Uma sibheka phambili, ikusasa lenqubo ye-cyanidation ekucutshungulweni kwe-ore yegolide cishe izololongwa intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela ezivumelana nemvelo nezisebenzayo ze-cyanidation, ezifana nokusetshenziswa kwezindawo ezinobuthi obuphansi be-cyanide, kuyisiqondiso esithembisayo. I-automation kanye nobuchwepheshe bokulawula okuhlakaniphile nakho kuzodlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Lobu buchwepheshe bungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza, ukunciphisa ubungozi obuhlobene namaphutha, futhi buthuthukise ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza. Isibonelo, amasistimu azenzakalelayo angakwazi ukulawula ngokunembile imithamo ye-reagent, ukugxiliswa kwe-pulp, kanye neminye imingcele ebalulekile, iqinisekisa inqubo yokukhiqiza ezinzile futhi esebenza kahle.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe obusha obuhlobene ne-cyanidation, njenge-bio - cyanidation noma ukuhlanganiswa kwe-cyanidation nezinye izindlela ezisafufusa zokukhipha, kungase kunikeze izixazululo ezintsha ezinkingeni ezikhona. Ngokuqamba okusha okuqhubekayo kanye nokwenza ngcono, inqubo ye-cyanidation inamandla okugcina isikhundla sayo njengobuchwepheshe obuhamba phambili ekucutshungulweni kwetshe legolide ngenkathi izinzile futhi inobungani nemvelo. Njengoba isidingo segolide sisenamandla ezimbonini ezehlukene, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokwenza kahle kwenqubo ye-cyanidation kuzobaluleka ekuthuthukisweni kwesikhathi eside kwemboni yezimayini zegolide.