Abubuwan Aikace-aikace na Sodium Cyanide a cikin Tsarin Halitta

Gabatarwa

sodium cyanide (NaCN), tare da tsarin sinadarai NaCN, fari ne mai kauri ko foda mai narkewa a cikin ruwa kuma yana da kamshin almond mai daci. Saboda girman reactivity, ya sami amfani mai yawa a cikin kewayon da yawa kwayoyin kira halayen. Duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci a lura da hakan sodium cyanide yana da guba sosai kuma dole ne a kula da shi tare da matuƙar kulawa kuma bisa ƙa'idodin aminci. Wannan labarin ya bincika aikace-aikacen daban-daban na sodium Cyanide a cikin kwayoyin halitta kira.

Aikace-aikace a cikin Tsarin Halitta

Ra'ayin Strecker

Daya daga cikin mafi sanannun aikace-aikace na Sodium cyanide a cikin kwayoyin halitta kira ne a cikin Strecker dauki. Wannan amsa hanya ce mai ƙarfi don haɓakar α-amino acid. A cikin halayen Strecker, aldehyde ko ketone suna amsawa tare da ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) da sodium cyanide. Tsarin amsa gaba ɗaya shine kamar haka:

1. Na farko, aldehyde ko ketone suna amsawa tare da ammonia (wanda aka samo a -situ daga ammonium chloride) don samar da imine. Rukunin carbonyl na aldehyde ko ketone suna protonated, yana mai da shi ƙarin electrophilic. Sa'an nan, ammonia ya kai hari ga protonated carbonyl carbon, bi da deprotonation don samar da imine.

2. Na gaba, ion cyanide (CN⁻) daga sodium cyanide yana aiki azaman nucleophile kuma yana kai hari ga carbon imine. Wannan yana samar da matsakaicin α-amino nitrile.

3. A ƙarshe, hydrolysis na α-amino nitrile ƙarƙashin acidic ko asali yanayi yana haifar da daidaitaccen α-amino acid.

Halin Strecker yana ba da hanya madaidaiciya don gabatar da ƙungiyoyin amino biyu da ƙungiyar carboxyl (bayan hydrolysis na nitrile) akan ƙwayar carbon guda ɗaya, wanda ke da mahimmanci ga haɗin amino acid, tubalan gina jiki. Misali, lokacin da formaldehyde (HCHO) ke amsawa da ammonium chloride da sodium cyanide, sannan hydrolysis, glycine (NH₂CH₂COOH), amino acid mafi sauki, ana iya samu.

Shiri na Nitriles

Ana amfani da sodium cyanide akai-akai don shirye-shiryen nitriles. A cikin amsawar maye gurbin, alkyl halides (kamar methyl bromide, CH₃Br) suna amsawa tare da sodium cyanide a cikin abin da ake amfani da su na polar aprotic kamar dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) ko acetone. Halin yana ci gaba ta hanyar hanyar SN2, inda ion cyanide ke kai hari ga carbon atom da ke hade da halogen. An raba zarra na halogen, kuma an kafa alkyl nitrile. Misali:

CH₃Br + NaCN → CH₃CN + NaBr

Hakanan ana iya haɗa Aryl nitriles ta amfani da sodium cyanide a wasu lokuta. Misali, a wasu mizani - karfe - halayen catalyzed, aryl halides na iya amsawa tare da sodium cyanide a gaban mai kara kuzari kamar jan karfe (I) cyanide (CuCN) ko palladium catalysts. Wannan halayen yana ba da damar gabatarwar - ƙungiyar aikin CN akan zoben aromatic, wanda ke da amfani a cikin haɗakar magunguna daban-daban, agrochemicals, da dyes.

Benzoin Condensation

Ƙunƙarar benzoin wani abu ne mai mahimmanci inda sodium cyanide ke taka muhimmiyar rawa. A cikin wannan halayen, aldehydes na aromatic (aldehydes tare da zoben aromatic, irin su benzaldehyde, C₆H₅CHO) suna amsawa a gaban adadin sodium cyanide na catalytic a cikin maganin barasa. Hanyar amsawa ta ƙunshi matakai masu zuwa:

1. Cyanide ion da farko yana ƙarawa zuwa carbonyl carbon na benzaldehyde, yana aiki azaman nucleophile. Wannan ƙarin samfurin cyanohydrin ne - kamar matsakaici.

2. Mummunan cajin akan zarra na oxygen na cyanohydrin - kamar matsakaici na iya kai hari ga carbonyl carbon na wani kwayoyin benzaldehyde.

3. Bayan jerin matakan canja wurin proton da kuma kawar da ion cyanide, an kafa benzoin (α-hydroxy-ketone).

Ƙunƙarar benzoin tana ba da hanyar samar da sabuwar carbon-carbon bond tsakanin ƙwayoyin aldehyde guda biyu, waɗanda ke da kima a cikin haɗaɗɗun ƙwayoyin halitta masu rikitarwa. Ko da yake a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an yi ƙoƙari don maye gurbin sodium cyanide tare da ƙarin abubuwan da suka dace da muhalli irin su thiazolium salts ko bitamin B₁, hanyar gargajiya ta amfani da sodium cyanide har yanzu yana da mahimmanci a wasu lokuta.

Ƙara Halayen Haɗaɗɗen Maɗaukaki

Sodium cyanide kuma na iya shiga cikin ƙarin halayen ga mahaɗan da ba su cika ba. Alal misali, a gaban mai kara kuzari, yana iya ƙarawa zuwa α,β - mahadi na carbonyl unsaturated (kamar acrolein, CH₂ = CCHHO). Halin ya biyo bayan wani nau'in ƙari na Michael, inda ion cyanide ya kai hari ga β - carbon na α, β - unsaturated carbonyl fili. Ana iya amfani da wannan dauki don gabatar da ƙungiyar cyanomethyl (-CH₂CN) akan tsarin da ba shi da tushe, wanda za'a iya ƙara canzawa zuwa wasu ƙungiyoyi masu aiki. Misali, samfurin da aka samu zai iya zama hydrolyzed don samar da carboxylic acid ko a rage shi ya samar da amine.

La'akari da Lafiya

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, sodium cyanide yana da guba sosai. Numfasawa, ciki, ko hulɗar fata tare da sodium cyanide na iya zama m. Yana amsawa da acid don samar da hydrogen cyanide (HCN), iskar gas mai guba sosai. Lokacin sarrafa sodium cyanide, matakan tsaro masu zuwa dole ne a bi su sosai:

1. Yi amfani da rijiya mai huɗa don hana haɓakar iskar gas mai guba.

2. Saka kayan kariya masu dacewa, gami da safar hannu, tabarau, da rigar lab. A wasu lokuta, ana iya buƙatar na'urar numfashi.

3. Ajiye sodium cyanide a cikin amintacce, akwati mai lakabi nesa da acid da sauran sinadarai masu amsawa.

4. Kasance da tsare-tsare da kayan aikin gaggawa masu dacewa a wurin idan akwai zubewa ko haɗari.

Kammalawa

Sodium cyanide ne m da muhimmanci reagent a cikin kwayoyin kira. Yana ba da damar samuwar ƙungiyoyin ayyuka daban-daban kamar amino acid, nitriles, da α-hydroxy- ketones, kuma suna shiga cikin mahimman carbon-carbon bond- ƙirƙirar halayen. Duk da gubarsa, lokacin da aka kula da shi da matsananciyar kulawa da kuma bin ka'idodin aminci, yana ci gaba da zama kayan aiki mai mahimmanci a cikin kayan aiki na kayan aikin sinadarai na roba don shirye-shiryen nau'i-nau'i na kwayoyin halitta, daga magunguna zuwa sinadarai masu kyau. Koyaya, ƙoƙarin bincike mai gudana yana mai da hankali kan haɓaka madadin, hanyoyin aminci don cimma burin roba iri ɗaya.