Liquid Sodium Cyanide: Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg thiab kev siv ntau yam

Introduction

Sodium cyanide (NaCN), ib qho tshuaj uas paub zoo txog nws cov tshuaj ua haujlwm muaj zog thiab muaj tshuaj lom ntau, muaj nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si khov thiab kua. Cov kua Sodium Cyanide , feem ntau yog cov kua dej, muaj cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg tshwj xeeb uas ua rau nws tsis tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam kev siv hauv kev lag luam thiab kev tshawb fawb. Cov ntawv blog no tshawb nrhiav txog cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov kua sodium cyanide thiab tshawb nrhiav nws cov teb siv dav dav, thaum tseem hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ceev faj kev nyab xeeb vim nws qhov xwm txheej txaus ntshai.

Tshuaj khoom

1. Reactivity

Cov kua sodium cyanide muaj zog heev vim yog cov cyanide ion uas nws muaj. Thaum nyob hauv dej, nws tawg ua sodium ions thiab cyanide ions. Cov cyanide ion yog ib qho nucleophile muaj zog, uas txhais tau tias nws yooj yim nrhiav thiab ua rau cov khoom ntawm lwm cov organic thiab inorganic compounds uas tsis muaj electron. Hauv Organic synthesis , piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem koom nrog cov tshuaj hloov pauv nucleophilic. Thaum lub sijhawm ua cov tshuaj no, cov cyanide ion hloov ib pawg tshwj xeeb hauv cov organic halide molecule, ua rau muaj kev sib txuas tshiab ntawm carbon thiab nitrogen. Cov tshuaj no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau ntau yam ntawm nws siv hauv kev tsim cov organic molecules nyuaj.

2. Ntsuas tau

Sodium cyanide yaj tau zoo heev hauv dej, ua rau cov tshuaj ntshiab thiab tsis muaj xim. Nws cov dej yaj tau zoo yog vim nws cov qauv ionic muaj zog. Cov sodium ions uas muaj nqi zoo raug rub mus rau cov pa oxygen uas muaj nqi tsis zoo hauv cov dej molecules, thaum cov cyanide ions uas muaj nqi tsis zoo cuam tshuam nrog cov hydrogen atoms uas muaj nqi zoo ntawm dej. Qhov kev sib cuam tshuam muaj zog ntawm Sodium cyanide ions thiab cov dej molecules ua rau muaj kev yaj ntau, ua rau muaj kev tsim cov tshuaj sodium cyanide uas muaj zog.

3. pH thiab Basicity

Aqueous daws ntawm sodium cyanide muaj cov yam ntxwv yooj yim. Lub cyanide ion yog lub hauv paus conjugate ntawm hydrocyanic acid, tsis muaj zog acid. Thaum cyanide ions nyob hauv dej, lawv tau txais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hu ua hydrolysis. Thaum lub sij hawm hydrolysis, cov cyanide ions hnov ​​​​mob nrog dej molecules, tsim hydrocyanic acid thiab hydroxide ions. Kev tso tawm ntawm cov hydroxide ions no nce pH ntawm cov tshuaj. Feem ntau, cov tshuaj sodium cyanide kua muaj pH nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 11 - 13. qhia tias lawv muaj alkaline heev.

4. Kev lom

Ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov kua sodium cyanide yog nws cov tshuaj lom neeg heev. Lub cyanide ion khi irreversibly rau hlau (III) ion tam sim no nyob rau hauv cytochrome oxidase, ib tug enzyme uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau lub mitochondrial electron thauj saw. Qhov kev khi no txwv tsis pub cov enzyme los ntawm kev txais cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, ua kom muaj zog ua pa ntawm tes. Yog tsis muaj cellular respiration, hlwb tsis tuaj yeem tsim adenosine triphosphate (ATP), lub zog rau cov hlwb. Yog li ntawd, cov cell tuag sai sai. Kev nqus pa, noj, lossis kev sib cuag ntawm daim tawv nqaij nrog kua sodium cyanide tuaj yeem ua rau tib neeg thiab lwm yam kab mob tuag taus.

Daim Ntawv Sau Npe

1. Kub thiab nyiaj mining

Qhov zoo tshaj plaws - paub siv cov kua sodium cyanide yog nyob rau hauv kev lag luam mining, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau extracting kub thiab nyiaj. Cov txheej txheem, hu ua cyanidation, koom nrog siv dilute sodium cyanide daws kom yaj kub thiab nyiaj los ntawm lawv cov ore. Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm oxygen thiab dej, sodium cyanide reacts nrog kub thiab nyiaj, tsim cov tebchaw uas yuav yaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj. Cov tshuaj soluble no tuaj yeem raug cais tawm ntawm lwm cov khoom siv ore. Tom qab sib cais, cov txheej txheem ntxiv xws li nag lossis daus nrog zinc lossis electrolysis yog siv los rov qab cov hlau zoo nkauj. Cyanidation yog tus nqi - kev siv tau zoo thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev rho tawm kub thiab nyiaj los ntawm qib qis ore, ua rau nws yog ib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb hauv kev mining niaj hnub.

2. Organic Synthesis

Nyob rau hauv cov organic chemistry, kua sodium cyanide yog dav siv los ua ib tug reagent nyob rau hauv ntau yam synthesis tshuaj. Ua tsaug rau nws qhov muaj zog nucleophilic, nws tuaj yeem koom nrog kev hloov pauv nucleophilic. Piv txwv li, hauv kev tsim cov nitriles, ib qho alkyl halide tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​mob nrog sodium cyanide hauv cov organic hnyav xws li dimethylformamide. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no ua rau tsim cov tshuaj nitrile. Nitriles yog ib qho tseem ceeb nruab nrab cov tebchaw siv nyob rau hauv synthesis ntawm pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, thiab lwm yam zoo tshuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, sodium cyanide tuaj yeem siv rau hauv Strecker amino acid synthesis. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem no, nws reacts nrog ib tug aldehyde los yog ketone nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ammonia los tsim ib tug compound hu ua ib tug α-amino nitrile, uas yuav ua tau ntxiv txheej txheem los tsim ib tug amino acid.

3. Kev Txuas Hluav Taws Xob

Cov kua sodium cyanide siv rau hauv cov txheej txheem Electroplating , tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau electroplating hlau xws li kub, nyiaj, tooj liab, thiab zinc. Cyanide-based electroplating baths muaj ntau yam zoo. Lawv muab lub zog pov zoo, uas txhais tau tias lawv tuaj yeem tso cov txheej sib xws rau ntawm cov khoom uas muaj cov duab nyuaj. Lawv kuj ua rau cov hlau ci thiab du thiab ua kom muaj kev sib txuas zoo ntawm cov txheej plated rau cov khoom hauv qab. Hauv cov tshuaj electroplating, cov cyanide ions tsim cov khoom sib xyaw ruaj khov nrog cov hlau ions uas tau plated. Thaum lub sijhawm electroplating, cov tshuaj no raug txo qis ntawm cathode, tso cov hlau nyias nyias, txawm tias ntawm cov khoom uas tau plated.

4. Kev kho hlau thiab tu

Hauv kev lag luam hlau, kua sodium cyanide yog siv los kho thiab ntxuav cov hlau. Nws tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov oxides thiab lwm yam impurities los ntawm cov hlau. Lub reactivity ntawm cov cyanide ion tso cai rau nws mus hnov ​​​​mob nrog hlau oxides, hloov mus rau hauv cov tebchaw uas yuav yaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj. Cov tshuaj soluble no tuaj yeem raug ntxuav tawm. Ntxiv mus, sodium cyanide tuaj yeem siv thaum tshav kub kub - kev kho cov hlau los txhim kho lawv cov khoom nto, xws li nce lawv cov tawv tawv thiab hnav tsis kam.

Kev Txiav Txim Siab Kev Nyab Xeeb

Muab cov tshuaj toxicity ntawm cov kua sodium cyanide, nruj kev nyab xeeb yuav tsum tau ua raws li thaum tuav, khaws cia, thiab siv nws. Cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv kev lag luam uas siv sodium cyanide yuav tsum tau txais kev cob qhia dav dav txog cov txheej txheem kev nyab xeeb kom raug. Qhov no suav nrog kev kawm paub siv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tus kheej (PPE) xws li hnab looj tes, tsom iav, thiab lub tshuab ua pa kom raug. Cov chaw cia rau sodium cyanide yuav tsum tau tsim los tiv thaiv cov pa tawm thiab ua kom lub qhov cua kom zoo kom tsis txhob muaj cov cyanide - muaj cov vapors. Thaum muaj kev nchuav, cov txheej txheem tsim nyog thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev, xws li neutralizing sodium cyanide nrog tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing zoo li sodium hypochlorite, yuav tsum tau ua tam sim ntawd los tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab tiv thaiv tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv.

xaus

Cov kua sodium cyanide, nrog nws cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam. Los ntawm kev rho tawm ntawm cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig hauv kev mining mus rau synthesis ntawm complex organic molecules thiab hlau nto kev kho mob, nws daim ntawv thov muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab deb - ncav cuag. Txawm li cas los xij, nws cov tshuaj toxicity siab xav tau kev ceev faj tshaj plaws thiab ua raws li cov txheej txheem kev nyab xeeb. Raws li kev lag luam txuas ntxiv mus, kev siv lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov kua sodium cyanide yuav tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam thiab ib puag ncig thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm tib neeg.