Ingxoxo Ngobuchwepheshe Bokukhipha Igolide Nge-Sodium Cyanide

Isingeniso

Igolide, insimbi eyigugu elaziswa kakhulu ngenxa yokuvela kwayo eyivelakancane, ukuguga kwayo, nokumelana nokugqwala, liye laba uphawu lwengcebo nendlela yokuhwebelana emakhulwini eminyaka. Ukukhishwa kwegolide ku-ores yalo kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi eye yavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Phakathi kwezindlela ezehlukene, ukusetshenziswa kwe I-sodium cyanide in Ukukhishwa kwegolide, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-cyanidation, bekulokhu kuyindlela ehamba phambili kusukela ngawo-1970. Lokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi kuzocubungula imininingwane yale nqubo, izimiso zayo zokusebenza, ukucatshangelwa kwemvelo nokuphepha, namathemba esikhathi esizayo.

Iqhaza Le-Cyanide Ekukhishweni Kwegolide

Indlela I-Cyanide Esabela Ngayo Ngegolide

I-Cyanide, ikhemikhali equkethe I-Carbon kanye ne-nitrogen, kwakha inhlanganisela encibilikayo enegolide lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo. Ukusabela kungamelwa yi-equation yamakhemikhali elandelayo:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH

Kulokhu kusabela, igolide lifakwa i-oxidized futhi lakha inkimbinkimbi ezinzile, encibilikayo, i-sodium auroi-cyanide (Na[Au(CN)₂]). Lokhu kuvumela igolide ukuthi lihlukaniswe ne-ore matrix futhi litholakale ngezinqubo ezilandelayo.

Imibandela Ye-Cyanidation Ephumelelayo

Ukuze inqubo ye-cyanidation isebenze kahle, izimo ezimbalwa kufanele kuhlangatshezwane nazo. Ukuhlushwa kwe I-Sodium Cyanide esixazululweni se-leaching ngokuvamile sisukela ku-100 ppm kuya ku-500 ppm (0.01% - 0.05%). Izinga le-pH elifanele, ngokuvamile elizungeze i-10 - 11. liyagcinwa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukwakheka kwegesi ye-hydrogen cyanide, enobuthi obukhulu. Ukwengeza, ukuba khona komoya-mpilo kubalulekile, njengoba kusebenza njenge-oxidizing ekuphenduleni. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izimo, ngenxa yokukhathazeka kwezindleko, ukwethulwa kwe-oxygen eyengeziwe ukuze kusheshiswe inqubo yokukhishwa kwe-leaching akwenziwa njalo ezigayweni.

Inqubo yeCyanide Leaching

Ukulungiswa Kwensimbi

Ngaphambi kokukhishwa kwe-cyanide, i-ore ephethe igolide idinga ukulungiswa. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuhilela ukuchotshozwa nokugaya insimbi ukuze kwandiswe indawo yayo engaphezulu. Uma izinhlayiya ze-ore zicoleka, igolide liphumela obala kakhulu kusixazululo se-cyanide, okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokucwiliswa. Ngemva kokuchotshozwa nokugaya, insimbi ingase iqhubeke nokusebenza ngokuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi noma ukuntanta ukuze kukhishwe amanye amaminerali e-ganggue futhi kugxiliswe ingxenye ephethe igolide.

I-Heap Leaching

I-Heap Leaching iyindlela esetshenziswa kakhulu emsebenzini wokumba igolide ngezinga elikhulu. Kule nqubo, i-ore elungisiwe inqwabelaniswa ezinqwabani ezinkulu kulayini ongangeneki. Isixazululo se-dilute se i-sodium cyanide bese ifafazwa noma iconselwe enqwabeni yensimbi. Njengoba ikhambi ligeleza enqwabeni, lihlangana negolide ensimbini, kwakheka igolide elincibilikayo - i-cyanide complexes. Lezi zakhiwo ziqoqwa phansi kwenqwaba echibini noma ohlelweni lokuqoqa.

I-Heap leaching iyabiza - isebenza kahle, ikakhulukazi kuma-ore asezingeni eliphansi. Kodwa-ke, kudinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela ukuvimbela ukuvuza kwe-cyanide - equkethe izixazululo endaweni.

I-Vat Leaching (Izigayi Ezilawulwayo)

I-Vat leaching, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-vat cyanidation noma i-agitation leaching, ivamise ukwenziwa emshinini wokugaywa okhethekile emagcekeni ezimayini. Ngale ndlela, insimbi egaywe kahle ifakwa emigodini noma emathangini. Isixazululo esine-cyanide siyengezwa, futhi ingxube iyanyakaziswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuxhumana okuhle phakathi kwe-ore nesixazululo. I-oksijini esemoyeni noma ngezinye izikhathi i-oksijini eyengeziwe yethulwa ukuze kube lula ukusabela.

Uma kuqhathaniswa Ukukhipha inqwaba, i-vat leaching ivumela ukulawula kangcono izimo zokuvuza, njengezinga lokushisa, i-pH, nesivinini sokuyaluza. Nokho, ngokuvamile kubiza kakhulu ngenxa yesidingo semishini ekhethekile kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphezulu.

Ukutholwa Kwegolide kusuka ku-Cyanide Solutions

Uma igolide selincibilikisiwe kusixazululo se-cyanide, lidinga ukutholwa. Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zalokhu:

1. Ikhabhoni - in - Leach (CIL) kanye neCarbon - in - Pulp (CIP): Enqubweni ye-CIL, ikhabhoni ecushiwe yengezwa ngokuqondile ku-pulp ye-cyanide - leached. Izakhiwo zegolide - i-cyanide zikhangiswa phezu kwekhabhoni ecushiwe ngenxa yendawo yayo ephezulu kanye nezakhiwo eziqinile zokukhangiswa. Enqubweni ye-CIP, i-pulp iqala ukuhlukaniswa nesisombululo, bese isisombululo sidluliselwa ochungechungeni lwamathangi agcwele ikhabhoni ecushiwe. Ngemva kokukhangiswa, ikhabhoni elayishwe igolide iyasuswa ohlelweni futhi iphinde icutshungulwe ukuze kubuyiselwe igolide.

2. I-Zinc Precipitation: Uthuli lwezinc noma ama-zinc shavings angangezwa kusixazululo segolide - i-cyanide. I-Zinc ine-electropositive kakhulu kunegolide, ngakho-ke isusa igolide endaweni yegolide - i-cyanide complex. Ukusabela kungokulandelayo:

2Na[Au(CN)₂] + Zn → 2Au + Na₂[Zn(CN)₄]

Igolide elinemvula lingabe selihlukaniswa nekhambi ngokuhlunga noma ukucwiliswa phansi.

Ukucatshangelwa Kwemvelo Nokuphepha

Ubuthi beCyanide

I-Cyanide iyikhemikhali enobuthi obunamandla. Uma kugxilwe kakhulu, kungaba yingozi kubantu, ezilwaneni nasezimpilweni zasemanzini. Esimeni sokumbiwa kwegolide, okukhathaza kakhulu ukudedelwa kwe-cyanide endaweni ezungezile, ikakhulukazi emanzini angaphezulu. Izinhlanzi zizwela kakhulu i-cyanide, futhi ngisho namazinga aphansi e-cyanide emanzini angaba nomthelela omubi kuma-ecosystems asemanzini.

Ukuphathwa Kwemvelo

Ukunciphisa umthelela wemvelo wokusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide ezimayini zegolide, kuthathwa izinyathelo ezimbalwa. Izimayini zidingeka ukuthi zihambisane nemithetho eqinile mayelana nokukhishwa kwe-cyanide - equkethe izixazululo. Izinsiza zokuthungatha, lapho kugcinwa khona i-cyanide esele - equkethe izixazululo nezinto ezilahlwayo, zakhiwe ngamalayini angenakunyakaziswa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuvuza. Ukwengeza, izindlela zokwelashwa ezahlukahlukene zisetshenziselwa ukunciphisa noma ukususa i-cyanide ezixazululweni ngaphambi kokukhishwa. Lezi zindlela zihlanganisa i-chemical oxidation, ukwelashwa kwezinto eziphilayo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet ukuphula i-cyanide.

Imisebenzi eminingi yezimayini iphinde ihlose ukuvuselela nokusebenzisa kabusha i-cyanide esele kumasekethe okucubungula ukuze kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide sekukonke.

Izinyathelo Zokuphepha Zabasebenzi

Abasebenzi basezimayini basengozini yokuchayeka emazingeni anobuthi e-cyanide. Ukuze kuvikelwe abasebenzi, izimayini zisebenzisa uchungechunge lwezinyathelo zokuphepha. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezishintshayo ukuze kuncishiswe ukuthintana kwabantu ngokuqondile ne-cyanide - equkethe izinto, ukuhlinzeka abasebenzi ngezingubo zokuzivikela ezifanele, njengamagilavu, amaphinifa, nezinsimbi zokuphefumula, kanye nokwenza izinhlelo zokuqeqesha zokuphepha ezivamile.

Amathemba Esizayo

Naphezu kokusetshenziswa kwayo kabanzi, indlela yokukhipha igolide esekelwe ku-cyanide ibhekene nezinselelo ngenxa yokukhathazeka kwayo kwemvelo nokuphepha. Ngenxa yalokho, kunesithakazelo esikhulayo sokuthuthukisa ezinye izindlela, izindlela zokukhipha igolide ezivumelana nemvelo. Amanye alawa masu avelayo ahlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-thiosulfate, i-bromide, noma uketshezi lwe-ionic njengamanye ama-lixiviants. Kodwa-ke, lezi zindlela zisesesigabeni sokuthengisa sokuhlola noma sangaphambi kwesikhathi futhi zinemikhawulo yazo ngokwezindleko - ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza kahle.

Okwamanje, imboni yezimayini zegolide izoqhubeka nokugxila ekwenzeni ngcono ukuphepha nokusebenza kwemvelo kwenqubo ye-cyanide - leaching. Lokhu kuhlanganisa nokuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide, ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokwelashwa kwe-cyanide - equkethe udoti, nokuqinisa ukuthobela imithetho.

Isiphetho

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide ekukhishweni kwegolide bekuyisisekelo semboni yezimayini zegolide yesimanje amashumi eminyaka. Inikeza indlela esebenza kahle nebizayo - ephumelelayo yokukhipha igolide ezinhlobonhlobo zezinsimbi. Kodwa-ke, ubuthi be-cyanide kanye nomthelela wayo ongaba khona kwezemvelo angeke kunganakwa. Njengoba imboni iqhubekela phambili, kufanele kube nokulingana phakathi kwezinzuzo zezomnotho zokumbiwa kwegolide kanye nesidingo sokuvikela impilo yabantu kanye nemvelo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokwenza ngcono izinqubo ezikhona ezisekelwe ku-cyanide noma ukuthuthukisa obusha, obunye ubuchwepheshe, ikusasa lokumbiwa kwegolide lisekutholeni izindlela ezisimeme neziphephe kakhudlwana.