The kanthu limagwirira wa leaching wothandizira sodium cyanide

1. Introduction

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chochotsa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, makamaka golide ndi siliva. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake m'migodi kunayamba kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo kwakhala gawo lofunikira kwambiri la njira zochotsera zitsulo zamtengo wapatalizi kuchokera ku miyala yawo. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane momwe Sodium cyanide imagwirira ntchito mu njira yochotsera zitsulo , ikuwunikira momwe zimagwirira ntchito mankhwala, ntchito ya zinthu zosiyanasiyana, komanso kufunika kwake pochotsa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali.

2. Chemical Properties ya Sodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide ndi chinthu choyera, cholimba cha kristalo chomwe chimasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi. Mu yankho lamadzi, chimagawika kukhala ma ayoni a sodium (Na+) ndi ma ayoni a Cyanide (CN-). Iyoni ya cyanide ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimayambitsa kutulutsa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali. Monga ligand yamphamvu, imakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu pa ma ayoni ena achitsulo, makamaka golide ndi siliva. Kapangidwe kameneka kamailola kupanga zinthu zokhazikika ndi zitsulozi, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pa ntchito yake ngati chotulutsira madzi.

3. The Leaching Process of Gold and Silver with Sodium Cyanide

3.1 Zotsatira za Chemical

Mukachotsa golide pogwiritsa ntchito Sodium Cyanide , zimachitika pamene pali mpweya m'madzi. Ma ioni a Cyanide amapanga chitsulo chosungunuka ndi golide, ndipo mpweya umagwira ntchito ngati okosijeni kuti uthandize ntchitoyi. Mofananamo, zimachitikanso pamene siliva imatulutsa, pomwe maatomu asiliva amachitapo kanthu ndi sodium cyanide ndi mpweya kuti apange chitsulo chosungunuka cha silver-cyanide.

3.2 Zochita pa Mulingo wa Mamolekyulu

Kufalikira : Sodium cyanide imapatukana m'madzi kuti itulutse ma ayoni a cyanide. Ma ayoni a cyanide awa, pamodzi ndi mamolekyu a okosijeni osungunuka, amadutsa mu yankho kuti akafike pamwamba pa tinthu tagolide kapena siliva mkati mwa miyala. Liwiro la kufalikira kumeneku lingakhudzidwe ndi zinthu monga kutentha, kugwedezeka, ndi kukhuthala kwa yankho. Kutentha kwakukulu ndi kugwedezeka kwamphamvu nthawi zambiri kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa kufalikira mwa kuwonjezera mphamvu ya molekyulu ya kinetic ndikuwongolera kusakaniza kwa yankho.

Kulowetsedwa kwa madzi : Akafika pamwamba pa chitsulo, ma ayoni a cyanide ndi mamolekyu a okosijeni amalumikizana pamwamba pa tinthu tagolide kapena siliva. Kulowetsedwa kwa ma ayoni a cyanide kumasankhidwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwawo ndi chitsulocho. Kulowetsedwa kwa okosijeni n'kofunikanso chifukwa kumapereka mphamvu yofunikira yokonzera chitsulocho pambuyo pake.

Kuyankha kwa Electrochemical : Pamalire pakati pa chitsulo ndi yankho, kuchitapo kanthu kwa electrochemical kumaonekera. Maatomu agolide kapena siliva pamwamba amasungunuka, n’kusanduka ma ayoni achitsulo. Ma ayoni achitsulo awa amachitapo kanthu ndi ma ayoni a cyanide otengedwa kuti apange ma complexes achitsulo-cyanide osungunuka. Kusungunuka kwa chitsulocho kumatulutsa ma elekitironi, omwe amadyedwa panthawi yochepetsa mpweya mu yankholo.

Kutulutsa ndi Kufalitsa : Ma complex a metal-cyanide opangidwa amachoka pamwamba pa chitsulo ndikufalikira kupita ku thupi lalikulu la yankho. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ma ions atsopano a cyanide ndi mamolekyu a okosijeni azilowa pamwamba pa chitsulo, zomwe zimathandiza kuti njira yotulutsira madzi ipitirire.

4. Zinthu Zomwe Zimakhudza Kuchita Mwachangu kwa Sodium Cyanide

4.1 Kukhazikika kwa Sodium Cyanide

Kuchuluka kwa sodium cyanide mu leaching solution kumakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa leaching. Poyambirira, pamene kuchuluka kwa sodium cyanide kumakwera, momwemonso mlingo wa golidi ndi siliva umatsika, monga ma ion cyanide ambiri amapezeka kuti agwirizane ndi zitsulo. Koma kupitirira nthawi ina, kuchuluka kwa leaching kungasiya kuwonjezeka kapena kuchepa. Izi zikhoza kuchitika chifukwa chakuti akachuluka kwambiri, ma cyanide ions amachitapo kanthu ndi madzi kupanga hydrogen cyanide, chinthu chosasunthika chomwe chimatuluka mumadzimadzi, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya ma cyanide ions pa leaching.

4.2 Kukhazikika kwa Oxygen

Mpweya wa okosijeni ndi wofunika kwambiri pa sodium cyanide leaching process. Ndikofunikira kuti oxidize golide ndi siliva, sitepe yofunikira asanapange ma complexes okhala ndi cyanide ions. Kuchuluka kwa okosijeni wosungunuka mu yankho nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa kutsika kwachangu. Popeza mpweya umakhala ndi kusungunuka kochepa m'madzi, njira zotulutsa mpweya m'mafakitale nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito njira monga mpweya kapena mpweya wowonjezera mpweya kuti uwonjezere kuchuluka kwa okosijeni.

4.3 pH ya Solution

PH ya yankho la leaching ndiyofunikira kuti ma cyanide ions azikhala okhazikika komanso njira yonse ya leaching. Ma cyanide ions amakhalabe okhazikika munjira zamchere. M'malo a acidic, amakhudzidwa ndi ayoni wa haidrojeni kupanga mpweya wapoizoni kwambiri komanso wosakhazikika wa hydrogen cyanide. Pofuna kupewa izi ndikuwonetsetsa kukhazikika kwa ayoni a cyanide, pH ya yankho la leaching nthawi zambiri imasungidwa pakati pa 10 ndi 11. Laimu nthawi zambiri amawonjezeredwa ku yankho kuti asinthe ndi kusunga pH pamlingo woyenera.

4.4 Kutentha

Kutentha kumakhudza ndondomeko ya leaching m'njira zambiri. Nthawi zambiri, kuwonjezereka kwa kutentha kumathandizira kusintha kwamankhwala, kuphatikiza kufalikira kwa ma reactants, ma adsorption a ayoni a cyanide ndi okosijeni pamwamba pazitsulo, ndi electrochemical reaction. Komabe, pali zovuta. Kutentha kwambiri, ayoni a cyanide amatha kupangidwa ndi hydrolysis, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti cyanide iwonongeke ngati mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide. Komanso, kutentha kwambiri kungapangitse kusungunuka kwa zonyansa muzitsulo, zomwe zingasokoneze ndondomeko ya leaching kapena kumwa kwambiri ma cyanide ions. M'zochita zake, kutentha kwa leaching kumakhala mozungulira 20 - 30 ° C, ngakhale kutentha kwapamwamba kungagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati njira zoyenera zitengedwa kuwongolera cyanide hydrolysis.

4.5 Kukula kwa Tinthu ta Ore

Kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kumakhudza mwachindunji leaching. Ores-grained ores amapereka lalikulu pamwamba m'dera mmene anachita pakati particles zitsulo ndi leaching njira. Izi zimathandizira kufalikira mwachangu kwa ma cyanide ion ndi okosijeni kumtunda wachitsulo komanso kupangidwa mwachangu kwazitsulo zachitsulo-cyanide, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuchuluka kwa leaching. Kumbali ina, ore-grained-grained ores angafunike nthawi yotalikirapo kapena kukonza kwambiri kuti akwaniritse mulingo womwewo wa kuchira kwachitsulo.

5. Kufunika Kwa Kumvetsetsa Njira

Kudziwa momwe sodium cyanide imagwirira ntchito pakuwongolera ndikofunika kwambiri kumakampani amigodi. Imalola mainjiniya ndi ma metallurgists kuwongolera magawo a leaching process, monga ndende ya reagent, pH, kutentha, ndi kukula kwa tinthu, kuti awonjezere kuchira kwachitsulo. Pokwaniritsa izi, makampani amatha kutulutsa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali bwino, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito ma reagent, komanso kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide. Kuonjezera apo, chidziwitsochi chikhoza kuyendetsa chitukuko cha matekinoloje atsopano komanso ogwira mtima kwambiri, mwina mwa kuwongolera njira zomwe zilipo kale pogwiritsa ntchito cyanide kapena kufufuza njira zina zogwiritsira ntchito leaching.

6. Kutsiliza

Sodium cyanide imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuchotsa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali kudzera mu leaching. Pomvetsetsa momwe zimagwirira ntchito, pamodzi ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhudza mphamvu zake, ntchito ya migodi ikhoza kupitiriza kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zake, kupanga kuchotsa golide ndi siliva kukhala kosatha komanso kothandiza. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo atha kuyang'ana kwambiri kukhathamiritsa kopitilira muyeso kochokera ku cyanide kapena kupanga njira zina zatsopano zomwe zingachepetse kuopsa kwa chilengedwe chokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide.