I-Sodium Cyanide: Ujongo olunzulu kwimpembelelo yayo kwiMpilo yoMntu

intshayelelo

Sodium i-cyanide, kunye ne-chemical formula NaCN, i-compound enendawo ebalulekileyo kuzo zombini izicelo zoshishino kunye nommandla we-toxicology. Yinto emhlophe, eyikristale eqinileyo enyibilika kakhulu emanzini. Ngenxa yeempawu zayo zeekhemikhali, ngakumbi ubukho be-cyanide ion (CN-), Isodium cyanide ibonisa ubutyhefu obugqithisileyo, obuneziphumo ezifikelela kude kwimpilo yabantu.

Iipropati zeMichiza yeSodium Cyanide

I-sodium cyanide yityuwa ehlanganiswe ne-sodium cations (Na +) kunye ne-cyanide anions (CN-). Inobunzima bemolar obumalunga ne-49.01 g/mol. Kwizisombululo ezinamanzi, ziyahlukana zibe zezi ion. I-cyanide ion iyona nxalenye ephambili ejongene nobutyhefu bayo. Yinucleophile eyomeleleyo kwaye inobudlelwane obuphezulu bee-ion zetsimbi, ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo kuzo zombini. Ukusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso kunye neziphumo zayo eziyingozi kwiinkqubo zebhayoloji.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso yeSodium Cyanide

1.Ishishini lezeMigodi

• Isodium cyanide isetyenziswa kakhulu xa kutsalwa igolide nezinye iintsimbi ezixabisekileyo. Kwinkqubo yegolide Imigodi, yenza i-complexes ngegolide, evumela ukuba isinyithi sinyibilike kwaye sahlulwe kwi-ore. Le ndlela, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-cyanidation, isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngenxa yokusebenza kakuhle kwayo kunye nexabiso eliphantsi. Umzekelo, kwigolide eqhelekileyo - i-cyanide reaction, igolide (Au) isabela nayo sodium cyanide (NaCN), ioksijini (O₂), kunye namanzi (H₂O) ukwenza igolide enyibilikayo - icyanide complex: 4Au + 8NaCN+O₂ + 2H₂O→4Na[Au(CN)₂]+4NaOH.

2.Ukuhlanganiswa kweeKhemikhali

• Isebenza njengebhloko yokwakha esisiseko ekudityanisweni kweekhompawundi ezahlukeneyo ze-organic kunye ne-inorganic. Kwimveliso ye-nitriles, ebaluleke kakhulu phakathi kokudibanisa amayeza, iikhemikhali ze-agrochemicals, kunye neepolymers, Isodium cyanide isetyenziswa rhoqo. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-synthesis ye-acrylonitrile (i-monomer yokwenza iifayili zokwenziwa njenge-acrylic), ukusabela kunokubandakanya i-sodium cyanide njengendlela yokusabela kwiindlela ezithile zokwenziwa.

3.Electroplating

• I-Cyanide-esekelwe kwi-electrolyte, ehlala iqulethe i-sodium cyanide, isetyenziswa kwi I-Electroplating iinkqubo. Iiyoni zecyanide zinceda ekubekeni iintsimbi ezifana nobhedu, isilivere, kunye ne-zinc ngendlela efanayo nangendlela enamathelayo. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-cyanide inokwenza ii-complexes ezizinzile ngee-ion zetsimbi, ezilawula izinga lokubekwa kwesinyithi ngexesha le-electroplating.

Indlela iSodium Cyanide eyichaphazela ngayo impilo yabantu

1.Toxicokinetics

• Xa i-sodium cyanide ingena emzimbeni womntu, inokufunxwa ngeendlela ezininzi. Ukuphefumla uthuli okanye umphunga oqulethe i-sodium cyanide ivumela ii-ion ze-cyanide ukuba zingene ngokukhawuleza kwigazi nge-alveoli emiphungeni. Ukungeniswa, mhlawumbi ngengozi okanye kwiimeko zetyhefu, kukhokelela ekufunxeni kwi-gastrointestinal tract. Ukuqhagamshelana nolusu kunokubangela ukufunxa, nangona ulusu olungagungqiyo lubonelela ngokhuseleko lomqobo. Xa sele ikwigazi, i-cyanide ion isasazwa kuwo wonke umzimba.

2.Inkqubo yobutyhefu

• Eyona njongo iphambili yetyhefu yecyanide kumzimba womntu yi-mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, eyi-enzyme ephambili kwikhonkco lothutho lwe-electron yokuphefumla kweselula. I-Cyanide ibophelela kwintsimbi (Fe) kwi-cytochrome c oxidase complex kunye nobudlelwane obuphezulu. Olu bophelelo luthintela ukuhanjiswa kwee-electron ukusuka kwi-cytochrome c ukuya kwi-oxygen, ngokufanelekileyo ukuthintela inyathelo lokugqibela lokuphefumla kwe-aerobic. Ngenxa yoko, iiseli azikwazi ukuvelisa i-adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ngokusebenzisa i-phosphorylation ye-oxidative, ekhokelela ekunciphiseni amandla eselula.

• Ukongeza, i-cyanide inokuchaphazela nezinye i-iron-equlethe i-enzymes emzimbeni, ephazamisa ngakumbi iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo ze-metabolic. Ngokomzekelo, inokuphazamisa umsebenzi we-myoglobin, echaphazelekayo ekugcinweni kwe-oksijini kwiiseli ze-muscle, kunye ne-peroxidases ethile ebalulekileyo kwiindlela zokukhusela i-antioxidant.

3.Ityhefu eAcute

• Idosi ephantsi - Utyhileko lwedosi

• Nakwidosi ephantsi ngokwentelekiso, ukuba sesichengeni sesodium cyanide kunokubangela uluhlu lweempawu. Iimpawu zokuqala zinokubandakanya intloko ebuhlungu, isiyezi, ubuthathaka kunye nesicaphucaphu. Ixhoba lisenokuba nemvakalelo yokuxinana kwesifuba nokuphefumla nzima. Kwezinye iimeko, kunokubakho uphawu lwe "almond-like" ivumba lokuphefumula, nangona ingenguye wonke umntu onokubona eli vumba.

• High-Idosi Exposure

• Ukuba sesichengeni sedosi ephezulu kwisodium cyanide kunokubulala ngokukhawuleza. Iimpawu ziqhubela phambili ngokukhawuleza ukuya kuxinzelelo olukhulu lokuphefumla, kunye nokuphefumla okukhawulezayo kunye nokusebenza nzima. Iziphumo zentliziyo ziquka ukuhla koxinzelelo lwegazi, izingqisho zentliziyo ezingaqhelekanga (arrhythmias), kwaye ekugqibeleni ukubanjwa kwentliziyo. Ngokwemithambo-luvo, ixhoba lisenokuxhuzula, lilahlekelwe zingqondo, lize libe nesiqaqa. Kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo, ukufa kunokuthi kwenzeke kwimizuzu yedosi enkulu.

4.Ubutyhefu obungapheliyo

• Ukubonakaliswa kwexesha elide kumanqanaba aphantsi e-sodium cyanide, njengakwiimeko ezithile zoshishino apho kukho ukucoceka okungahambi kakuhle emsebenzini, kunokukhokelela kwiingxaki zempilo ezingapheliyo. Ukuba sesichengeni okungapheliyo kunokubangela ubuthathaka, ukudinwa, kunye nokuncipha komzimba. Kwakhona kunokuchaphazela inkqubo ye-nervous, ekhokelela kwiimpawu ezifana nokuba ndindisholo kunye nokuntlitha kwimida, ukukhubazeka kwememori, kunye nobunzima bokugxila. Ukongezelela, ukubonakaliswa okuphindaphindiweyo kunokuba nefuthe kwi-thyroid gland, njengoko i-cyanide inokuphazamisa ukufunyanwa kwe-iodine kunye ne-thyroid hormone synthesis.

5.Iimpembelelo kuMaziko athile

• Inkqubo yokuphefumla

• Inkqubo yokuphefumla yenye yeyokuqala ukuchatshazelwa yi-sodium cyanide exposure. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, ukuvinjelwa kwe-cytochrome c oxidase kwiiseli zemisipha yokuphefumula kunye namaziko okuphefumla okuphakathi kwengqondo kukhokelela ekuphefumleni kakubi. Oku kunokubangela ukuphefumla ngokukhawuleza ekuqaleni njengoko umzimba uzama ukuhlawulela ukungabikho kokusetyenziswa kwe-oksijini, kulandelwa kukudandatheka kokuphefumla kwaye ekugqibeleni ukusilela ukuphefumla.

• Inkqubo yeNtliziyo

• I-Cyanide - ukunqongophala kwamandla eselula kuchaphazela isihlunu sentliziyo (myocardium). Intliziyo inokuba nokuncipha kwe-contractility, okukhokelela ekunciphiseni ukuphuma kwentliziyo. I-Arrhythmias ingenzeka ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kombane oqhelekileyo entliziyweni. Ukudityaniswa kwezi ziphumo kunokukhokelela ekwehleni okukhulu koxinzelelo lwegazi, nto leyo ebeka esichengeni ngakumbi ukuhanjiswa kweoksijini kunye nezondlo kwizicubu zomzimba.

• System nervous

• Inkqubo ye-nervous ivakalelwa kakhulu kwimiphumo ye-sodium cyanide. Ukongeza kwiziphumo ezibukhali zokuvezwa kwedosi ephezulu njengokuxhuzula kunye nekoma, ukuvezwa okungapheliyo kunokukhokelela kutshintsho lwe-neurodeergenerative. I-Neurons inokufumana umonakalo ngenxa yokunqongophala kwamandla kunye noxinzelelo lwe-oxidative. Oku kunokubangela ukusilela kwexesha elide kwimithambo-luvo, kubandakanywa ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, ukungasebenzi kakuhle kweemoto, kunye nokuphazamiseka kweemvakalelo.

• System Digestive

• Ukungeniswa kwe-sodium cyanide kunokubangela ukucaphuka kunye nomonakalo kwindlela yesisu. Iimpawu zinokubandakanya isicaphucaphu, ukuhlanza, intlungu yesisu, kunye norhudo. Kwiimeko ezinzima, kunokubakho umonakalo kumgca we-mucosal wesisu kunye namathumbu, okukhokelela ekuphumeni kwegazi kunye nesilonda.

isiphelo

I-sodium cyanide, nangona ukusetyenziswa kwayo okubalulekileyo kwezoshishino, ibeka ingozi enkulu kwimpilo yabantu. Ubuthi bayo obugqithisileyo, kwiimeko ezibukhali kunye nezingapheliyo, kunokukhokelela kuluhlu olubanzi lweengxaki zempilo, ukusuka kwiimpawu ezincinci ukuya kwiimeko ezisongela ubomi. Ngenxa yobungozi bayo, amanyathelo angqongqo okhuseleko ayimfuneko kumashishini asebenzisa i-sodium cyanide. La manyathelo aquka ukuphathwa ngendlela eyiyo, ukugcinwa, kunye nokulahlwa kwekhompawundi, kunye nokubonelela ngokhuseleko olwaneleyo noqeqesho lwabasebenzi. Ukongeza, ukubeka iliso kokusingqongileyo kubalulekile ukuthintela ukukhutshwa kwe-sodium cyanide kwindawo, apho inokubeka umngcipheko kwimpilo yabantu ngongcoliseko lwamanzi kunye nomoya.