Qonda indima ye-sodium cyanide enqubweni yokukhishwa kwe-ore yegolide

Ezweni eliyinkimbinkimbi lokumba igolide , ukukhishwa kwale nsimbi eyigugu etsheni layo eliyigugu kuyinqubo egcwele ukunemba kwesayensi kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe. Elinye ikhemikhali elivelele kule nqubo yi- Sodium cyanide , ikhemikhali ebilokhu iyingxenye ebalulekile embonini yokumba igolide iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Lesi sihloko sigxila endimeni ye- Sodium Cyanide ekumba igolide, ikakhulukazi enkambisweni yokukhuculula, sihlola ukusabela kwayo kwamakhemikhali, ukusetshenziswa kwayo, kanye nezinyathelo ezithathwayo ukuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuphephile nokuqhubekayo.

I-Chemical Reactivity ye-Sodium Cyanide enegolide

I-Sodium cyanide (NaCN) iyi-crystalline solid emhlophe, encibilika kakhulu emanzini. Uma kukhulunywa ngokumba igolide, isici sayo esibaluleke kakhulu yikhono layo lokusabela negolide lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo ukuze yakhe i-complex yegolide encibilikayo. Lokhu kusabela kuyisisekelo senqubo ye -Cyanidation , ebilokhu iyindlela evelele yokukhipha igolide kusukela ngawo-1890.

I-equation yamakhemikhali yokusabela phakathi kwegolide, i-sodium cyanide , i-oxygen, namanzi yilena elandelayo:

4 Au + 8 NaCN + O₂ + 2 H₂O → 4 Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4 NaOH

Kule ndlela yokusabela, igolide lifakwa i-oxidized futhi lakha inkimbinkimbi nama-ion cyanide. I-oksijini isebenza njenge-oxidizing, yenza kube lula ukuchithwa kwegolide. Inkimbinkimbi ewumphumela, i-sodium aurocyanide (Na[Au(CN)₂]), iyancibilika emanzini, okuvumela igolide ukuthi lihlukaniswe ne-ore matrix.

Ukuncibilika okuphezulu kwe-sodium cyanide emanzini kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwayo enqubweni yokucwilisa. Ivumela ukusakazeka ngokushesha kwama-ion e-cyanide nge-ore, ikhulise ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-reagent nezinhlayiya zegolide. Lokhu, futhi, kuthuthukisa izinga lokusabela futhi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle okuphelele kokukhipha igolide.

Izicelo Ezinqubweni Ezihlukene Zokucwiliswa Kwegolide

I-Heap Leaching

I-Heap leaching iyindlela esetshenziswa kakhulu yokucubungula amatshe egolide asezingeni eliphansi. Kule nqubo, i-ore iyachotshozwa futhi ihlanganiswe izinqwaba ezinkulu kulayini ongangeneki. Isixazululo esincibilikisiwe se-sodium cyanide, ngokuvamile ebangeni lika-0.01% ukuya ku-0.05%, bese sifafazwa phezu kwenqwaba. Isixazululo se-cyanide sigeleza etsheni, sisabela negolide futhi siyincibilikise. Isixazululo esikhulelwe, esiqukethe igolide elincibilikisiwe, siqoqwa phansi kwenqwaba futhi siqhutshekiswe futhi ukuze kutholakale igolide.

I-Heap leaching iyindlela engabizi kakhulu yokwelapha umthamo omkhulu we-ore yezinga eliphansi. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kule nqubo kuvumela ukukhishwa kwegolide ku-ores obekungeke kube nomnotho ukucutshungulwa. Kodwa-ke, kudinga futhi ukuphathwa ngokucophelela ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcoliswa kwemvelo, njengoba isixazululo se-cyanide singase singene enhlabathini ezungezile nasemanzini uma singaqukethwe kahle.

Izinqubo ze-Carbon-in-Leach (CIL) kanye ne-Carbon-in-Pulp (CIP).

Izinqubo ze-CIL ne-CIP zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukucubungula ama-ores egolide wezinga eliphezulu noma ukugxilisa igolide. Kulezi zinqubo, insimbi iba inhlabathi yokuqala bese ixutshwa nesisombululo se-sodium cyanide ochungechungeni lwamathangi anyakazayo. Igolide lincibilika kusixazululo se-cyanide, lenze inkimbinkimbi yegolide encibilikayo.

Enqubweni ye-CIL, ikhabhoni ecushiwe yengezwa ngqo emathangini e-leach. Ikhabhoni ikhangisa inkimbinkimbi yegolide, ihlukanise ngempumelelo igolide nesixazululo. Ikhabhoni elayishiwe ibe isikhishwa emathangeni futhi iphinde icutshungulwe ukuze kubuyiselwe igolide. Enqubweni ye-CIP, i-slurry e-leached iqala ngokuhlukaniswa nesixazululo, bese isixazululo sidluliswa ochungechungeni lwamakholomu ekhabhoni, lapho igolide likhangiswa kukhabhoni.

Zombili izinqubo ze-CIL ne-CIP zinikeza amanani aphezulu okuthola igolide futhi asebenza kahle uma kuqhathaniswa ngokusetshenziswa kwe-reagent. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kulezi zinqubo kuvumela ukuchithwa okukhethekile kwegolide, kuncishiswe ukukhishwa kwezinye izinsimbi ezikhona ku-ore.

Izinto Ezithinta Ukusebenza Kwe-Sodium Cyanide ekuLeaching

Ukusebenza kahle kwe-sodium cyanide enqubweni ye -Gold leaching kuthonywa yizici eziningana:

1. Izici Zensimbi Eyigugu : Uhlobo kanye nokwakheka kwensimbi eyigugu kudlala indima ebalulekile enqubweni yokukhipha insimbi. Insimbi eyigugu enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwegolide kanye ne-mineralology enhle, njengaleyo enokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-sulfide, ivame ukukhiqiza amazinga aphezulu okubuyisa igolide. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubukhulu bezinhlayiya zensimbi eyigugu buthinta indawo engaphezulu etholakalayo yokusabela. Insimbi eqoshiwe kahle ngokuvamile iholela ekukhipheni insimbi eyigugu ngempumelelo.

2. Ukuhlushwa kwe-Cyanide : Ukuhlushwa kwe-sodium cyanide esixazululweni sokukhipha i-leaching kuyipharamitha ebalulekile. Ukuhlushwa kwe-cyanide ephezulu kungandisa izinga lokuncibilika kwegolide, kodwa futhi kwandisa izindleko ze-reagent kanye nengozi engaba khona yemvelo. Ukuthuthukisa ukuhlushwa kwe-cyanide kubalulekile ukuze kulinganiswe ukusebenza kahle kokukhishwa kwegolide kanye nokucabangela kwezomnotho kanye nemvelo.

3. Ukutholakala Komoya-mpilo : Njengoba kudingeka umoya-mpilo ukuze kufakwe igolide, ukutholakala kwalo ohlelweni lokukhipha kubalulekile. Umoya owanele noma ukungezwa kwama-oxidizing agents kungathuthukisa inqubo yokukhipha. Kwezinye izimo, ama-oxidants ahlukile njenge-hydrogen peroxide noma i-ozone angasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokusabela.

4. I-pH yesisombululo : I-pH yesisombululo sokukhipha i-leaching ithinta ukuzinza kwama-ion e-cyanide kanye nokuncibilika kwe-gold complex. I-pH ene-alkaline kancane, ngokuvamile ephakathi kuka-10 no-11. ilungele inqubo yokukhipha i-cyanidation. Ukulungisa i-pH kungasiza ekuvimbeleni i-hydrolysis ye-cyanide nokuqinisekisa ukuncibilika kwegolide okuphumelelayo.

Ukucatshangelwa Kwemvelo Nokuphepha

I-sodium cyanide iwubuthi obuyingozi kakhulu, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo ezimayini zegolide kudinga ukuba kube nezinyathelo eziqinile zemvelo nezokuphepha:

Impembelelo yemvelo

Ukukhathazeka okuyinhloko kwezemvelo okuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide ezimayini zegolide amandla okukhululwa kwe-cyanide endaweni ezungezile. I-Cyanide ingaba yingozi empilweni yasemanzini, ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni uma ingena emanzini noma emhlabathini. Ukuze kuncishiswe lobu bungozi, ukusebenza kwezimayini kusebenzisa izinqubo zokulawulwa kwendawo ezungezile, okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwamadamu anensalela afakwe ulayini ukuze aqukathe izixazululo ezine-cyanide, ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi angcolile ukuze kuncishiswe amazinga e-cyanide, kanye nokuqaliswa kwezinhlelo zokuqapha ukuze kutholwe noma yikuphi ukuvuza okungenzeka noma ukuchitheka.

Izinyathelo Zokuphepha Zabasebenzi

Abasebenzi abathintekayo ohlelweni lokumba igolide, ikakhulukazi labo abaphatha i-sodium cyanide, basengozini yokuchayeka kule khemikhali enobuthi. Ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwazo, izinkampani zezimayini zisebenzisa imithetho eqinile yokuphepha. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlinzeka izisebenzi ngezinto zokuzivikela zomuntu siqu, njengamagilavu, izibuko, nemishini yokuphefumula, nokubaqeqeshela ukuphatha nokugcinwa okufanele kwe-sodium cyanide. Ukwengeza, amasistimu okuphepha akhona ukuze kuvinjwe ukuchitheka kwengozi nokusabela ngokushesha esimweni esiphuthumayo.

Uhlaka Lokulawula

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide ezimayini zegolide kungaphansi kokulawula okuqinile emazweni amaningi. Imithethonqubo ilawula ukukhiqizwa, ukuthuthwa, ukugcinwa, nokusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide, kanye nokuphathwa kwemfucuza equkethe i-cyanide. Izinkampani zezimayini kulindeleke ukuthi zihambisane nale mithetho ukuze ziqinisekise ukusebenza okuphephile nokuqhubekayo kwezimayini zazo.

Ezinye izindlela ze-Sodium Cyanide

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwaba nesithakazelo esikhulayo sokuthuthukisa ezinye izindlela zokukhipha igolide ezingancikile ekusetshenzisweni kwe-sodium cyanide. Ezinye zezindlela ezingase zibe khona zihlanganisa:

I-Thiosulfate Leaching

I-Thiosulfate leaching inqubo esebenzisa ama-ion e-thiosulfate, njenge-sodium thiosulfate, ukuncibilikisa igolide. Le ndlela inikeza izinzuzo ezimbalwa phezu kwe-cyanidation, okuhlanganisa ubuthi obuphansi, amazinga okukhipha ngokushesha, kanye nekhono lokucubungula ama-ores okunzima ukuwaphatha nge-cyanide. Kodwa-ke, i-thiosulfate leaching nayo inezinselelo zayo, njengesidingo sokulawula ngokucophelela izimo zokucwiliswa kwamanzi kanye nezindleko eziphezulu ze-reagent.

I-Bioleaching

I-Bioleaching inqubo yebhayoloji esebenzisa ama-microorganisms ukukhipha igolide ensimbi. Le ndlela ihambisana nemvelo futhi ingasetshenziswa ukwelapha ama-ores asezingeni eliphansi. Kodwa-ke, i-bioleaching iyinqubo ehamba kancane, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo okwamanje kunqunyelwe ezinhlotsheni ezithile zensimbi.

Amanye ama-Emerging Technologies

Kukhona nobunye ubuchwepheshe obusafufusa, obunjengokusetshenziswa koketshezi lwe-ionic noketshezi olubaluleke kakhulu, olubonisa isithembiso sokukhishwa kwegolide. Lobu buchwepheshe busesesigabeni sokuhlolwa, kodwa bunamandla okunikeza ezinye izindlela ezisebenza kahle kakhulu nezinobungani nemvelo kunezindlela zendabuko ze-cyanidation.

Isiphetho

I-sodium cyanide ibambe iqhaza elibalulekile embonini yezimayini zegolide isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu, okwenza ukuba kukhishwe ngempumelelo igolide etsheni layo. Ikhono layo lokwenza ama-soluble complexes ngegolide phambi kwe-oksijini lenza i-reagent esebenza kahle kakhulu enkambisweni yokukhishwa. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide nakho kuza nezinselelo ezibalulekile zemvelo nokuphepha, okuye kwaholela ekwakhiweni kwezinhlaka eziqinile zokulawula kanye nokuseshwa kwezinye izindlela zokukhipha igolide.

Njengoba imboni yezimayini zegolide iqhubeka nokuthuthuka, kungenzeka ukuthi sizobona ukugcizelela okukhulu ekuthuthukisweni nasekumukelweni kobuchwepheshe obuzinzile nobunobungani nemvelo. Kodwa-ke, esikhathini esizayo esibonakalayo, i-sodium cyanide kungenzeka ihlale iyingxenye ebalulekile yenqubo yokukhipha igolide, naphezu kokuhlolwa okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokuqaliswa kwezinyathelo ezithuthukisiwe zemvelo nezokuphepha.