I-Sodium Cyanide: Ikhemikhali Ebalulekile Embonini

Isingeniso

I-sodium cyanide (NaCN) iyinhlanganisela ebalulekile ye-inorganic endaweni enkulu yezinto ezibonakalayo zamakhemikhali. Ngezakhiwo zayo zamakhemikhali ezihlukile, idlala indima engenakushintshwa emikhakheni eminingi yezimboni. Lesi sihloko sicubungula izakhiwo, izinhlelo zokusebenza, ukukhiqizwa, nezici zokuphepha ze I-sodium cyanide, okuhloswe ngayo ukunikeza ukuqonda okuphelele kwaleli khemikhali ebalulekile.

Izici ze-Sodium Cyanide

Izakhiwo

I-sodium cyanide ibonakala njengokuqinile kwekristalu emhlophe, izigaxa, noma izimpushana. Ine-hygroscopic futhi inephunga elimnandi le-alimondi elibabayo. Incibilika kakhulu emanzini, cishe ngo-0.4 kg wokuqinile I-Sodium Cyanide ikwazi ukuncibilika ku-1 kg wamanzi ku-30 ​​°C. Iphinde ibe nokuncibilika okuthile ku-ethanol. I-compound inesisindo se-molecular engu-49.007 g/mol, indawo yokuncibilika engu-564 °C, kanye nephuzu elibilayo elingu-1469 °C, elinomfutho womoya ongu-0.1 kPa ku-800 °C.

Impahla yezolimo

I-sodium cyanide iyisisekelo esiqinile - usawoti we-asidi obuthakathaka. Isixazululo saso esinamanzi singacwebezela ukuze sakheke i-sodium cyanide ama-hydrate aqukethe i-molecule eyodwa noma amabili amanzi angaphansi kuka-1.34 °C. Uma izinga lokushisa lidlula ku-34.7 °C, lilahlekelwa amanzi acwebezelayo libe usawoti ongenamanzi. Isabela ngokushesha nama-asidi, ngisho nama-asidi abuthakathaka kakhulu. Izinsimbi ezifana nensimbi, i-zinc, i-nickel, ithusi, i-cobalt, isiliva, ne-cadmium zingancibilika kuzixazululo ze-sodium cyanide, okuholela ekwakhekeni kokuhambisanayo. ama-cyanides. Lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo, ungancibilikisa izinsimbi eziyigugu njengegolide nesiliva ukuze kwakhe usawoti oyinkimbinkimbi. Ayihambisani nama-asidi futhi ingasabela nge-carbon dioxide. Emoyeni oswakeme noma emanzini, ingase ibole. Lapho ishiswa lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo, ikhiqiza amagesi anobuthi njenge-hydrogen cyanide, i-carbon monoxide, isikhutha, nama-nitrogen oxide. Isabela ngobudlova ngama-nitrate, ama-nitrites, nama-chlorate, okwenza ingozi yokuqhuma.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide

Imboni Yezokumbiwa

In the Imboni yezokumbiwa phansi, ikakhulukazi ekukhishweni kwezinsimbi eziyigugu njengegolide nesiliva, i-sodium cyanide ibaluleke kakhulu. Inqubo ye-cyanidation, ehlanganisa ukusebenzisa izixazululo ze-sodium cyanide ukuncibilikisa igolide nesiliva ezinsimbini ezinsimbi, yamukelwa kabanzi ngenxa yobulula bayo kanye nezindleko eziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa. Ngekhilogremu ngayinye yegolide ekhiqizwayo, cishe amathani amane kuya kwamahlanu e-sodium cyanide angase adingeke. Isidingo se-sodium cyanide kulo mkhakha sihlobene eduze nokuguquguquka kwentengo yezinsimbi eziyigugu emakethe yomhlaba. Njengoba umnotho womhlaba usimama futhi amanani entengo yensimbi eyigugu ekhuphuka, imisebenzi yezimayini ekhuphukayo iholela esidingweni esiphezulu se-sodium cyanide.

I-Chemical Synthesis

1.Ukukhiqiza Imithi

I-sodium cyanide isebenza njengempahla eluhlaza ebalulekile ekuhlanganiseni kwemithi. Isetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwezidakamizwa ezivamile kanye nezithasiselo zokudla ezifana ne-penicillin, i-vitamin B6. i-folic acid, i-guanine, ne-caffeine. Embonini yezemithi, indima yayo ekudaleni ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali athile ngaphakathi kwama-molecule ezidakamizwa ibalulekile, okunomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni nasekukhiqizweni kwemithi elapha izifo ezahlukahlukene.

2.Ukukhiqizwa Kwezibulala-zinambuzane

Embonini yezibulala-zinambuzane, i-sodium cyanide isetshenziselwa ukwenza izibulala-zinambuzane ezivamile njenge-glyphosate, i-fenvalerate, i-paraquat, i-atrazine, ne-isoprothiolane. Lezi zibulala-zinambuzane zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni izitshalo ezinambuzaneni nasekhulani, ziqinisekisa ukulondeka kokudla. Imizila yokwenziwa ehlanganisa i-sodium cyanide inika amandla ukwakhiwa kwezinhlanganisela ezisebenzayo zesibulala-zinambuzane ezinezakhiwo zamakhemikhali ezithile.

3.Ukuhlanganiswa Kwamanye Amakhemikhali Amakhemikhali

Kuyisivikelo sokwakha esiyisisekelo sokukhiqizwa kwezinhlobonhlobo ze-inorganic kanye ne-organic Ama-cyanides. Ngokusebenzisa ngokuqondile i-sodium cyanide, ama-cyanide abalulekile angaphili njenge-sodium ferrocyanide, i-potassium ferrocyanide, i-potassium cyanide, i-zinc cyanide, i-barium cyanide, i-cuprous cyanide, i-sodium thiocyanate, ne-potassium thiocyanate ingakhiqizwa. Emkhakheni we-organic cyanides, izinhlanganisela ezifana ne-cyanoacetic acid, i-malononitrile, i-methionine, i-benzyl cyanide, ne-cyanuric chloride ziyahlanganiswa. Ukwengeza, ngokukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen cyanide kusuka ku-sodium cyanide, imikhiqizo efana ne-methyl methacrylate, i-butyl methacrylate, i-methacrylic acid, i-azobisisobutyronitrile, i-azobisisoheptanenitrile, i-nitrilotriacetic acid, ne-glycolonitrile ingenziwa futhi. Lezi zinhlanganisela zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizeni izinto zokwenziwa, okuhlanganisa amapulasitiki, irabha, nemicu.

Imboni ye-Electroplating

E-electroplating, i-sodium cyanide iyingxenye ebalulekile ekugezeni kwe-electroplating ezinsimbi ezifana nethusi, isiliva, i-cadmium, ne-zinc. Inganciphisa umphumela we-anodic polarization, iqinisekise ukuqedwa okuvamile kwe-anode. Ngasikhathi sinye, ingathuthukisa umphumela we-cathodic polarization, isiza ukuthola i-coating yensimbi efanayo ebusweni bomsebenzi. Lokhu akuthuthukisi nje kuphela ukumelana nokugqwala kwezingxenye zensimbi kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa ukubukeka kwazo, okwenza imikhiqizo eyenziwe nge-electroplated ijabulise ngobuhle futhi ihlale isikhathi eside.

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Sodium Cyanide

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-sodium cyanide kuyinqubo yamakhemikhali eyinkimbinkimbi. Enye indlela evamile inqubo ye-Andrussow, ehilela ukusabela kwe-methane, i-ammonia, nomoya-mpilo phezu kwe-platinum - i-rhodium catalyst emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Enye indlela inqubo ye-Castner, esebenzisa ukusabela kwe-sodium amide ne-carbon esithandweni sikagesi. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobuthi obuphezulu kanye nezingozi zemvelo ezingaba khona ze-sodium cyanide, ukukhiqizwa kwayo kulawulwa ngokuqinile yiminyango kahulumeni efanele emhlabeni jikelele. Abakhiqizi badinga ukuhlangabezana namazinga aqinile okuphepha kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo ukuze baqinisekise ukukhiqizwa okuphephile nokuqhubekayo kwaleli khemikhali.

Ukuphepha Nokuphathwa Kwe-Sodium Cyanide

Ubuthi

I-sodium cyanide inobuthi kakhulu. Ngisho nenani elincane, elilinganiselwa ku-100 - 200 mg, lingabulala uma lingenwa, lihogelwa, noma limuncwa esikhumbeni. Uma isingenile emzimbeni womuntu, ikhipha ama- ion e-cyanide (CN-), anobudlelwane obuqinile be-iron kumaseli. Lokhu kuphazamisa inqubo evamile ye-oxidation emangqamuzaneni, okuholela ekuphefumuleni kwamangqamuzana kanye ne-tissue hypoxia, ekugcineni kubangele ukufa. Ukuchayeka kakhulu kungabangela izimpawu ezinjengobuthakathaka, isiyezi, ikhanda elibuhlungu, isicanucanu, ukucinana kwesifuba, ukuphefumula kanzima, ukushaya kwenhliziyo, nokulahlekelwa ukwazi.

Ukuqapha Ukuphepha

I-1.Isitoreji

I-sodium cyanide kufanele igcinwe endaweni epholile, eyomile, enomoya omuhle, kude nemithombo yokushisa, ukuthungela, nama-asidi. Kufanele igcinwe ezitsheni ezivalwe ngokuqinile ezenziwe ngezinto ezifanele ukuvikela ukuvuza nokusabela ngendawo ezungezile. Izindawo zokugcina kufanele zibe nezinto ezivuzayo - izinhlelo zokuqoqa kanye nezimpawu ezixwayisayo ukuze kunqandwe ukuchayeka ngengozi.

2.Ezokuthutha

Ngesikhathi sokuthutha, i-sodium cyanide kufanele ihambisane nemithetho eqinile. Kudingeka izimoto zokuthutha ezikhethekile ezinezici ezifanele zokuphepha. Inqubo yezokuthutha kufanele iqashwe ngokucophelela ukuze kuvinjwe ukuchitheka noma izingozi ezingase zibe khona. Izinhlelo zokubhekana nezimo eziphuthumayo kanye nezinto zokusebenza kufanele zibe khona uma kuba nezimo ezingalindelekile.

3.Ukuphatha kuzilungiselelo zezimboni

Abasebenzi abaphatha i-sodium cyanide ezitshalweni zezimboni kumele bathole ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele kokuphepha. Kufanele bagqoke izinto zokuzivikela ezifanele, okuhlanganisa izinto zokuphefumula, izingubo zokuzivikela, amagilavu, nezibuko. Ukusebenza embonini kufanele kulandele izinqubo eziqinile zokusebenza ezijwayelekile ukuze kuncishiswe ubungozi bokuchayeka. Esimeni sokuchitheka noma ukuvuza, izinyathelo zokusabela eziphuthumayo ngokushesha kufanele zithathwe, njengokusebenzisa i-hydrogen peroxide ukuze kuncishiswe i-sodium cyanide.

Impembelelo yemvelo

Ukulahlwa okungafanele kwe-sodium cyanide noma udoti wayo kungaba nemiphumela emibi yemvelo. I-Cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile nezinsalela zemfucumfucu ingangcolisa inhlabathi nemithombo yamanzi, ibeke engozini ukuphila kwezitshalo, izilwane, kanye nezilwane eziphila emanzini. Embonini yezimayini zegolide, isibonelo, isamba esikhulu se-cyanide - equkethe imisila ikhiqizwa minyaka yonke. Lezi zinsalela, uma zingaphathwa ngendlela efanele, zingadala ubungozi besikhathi eside bemvelo. Ngakho-ke, izinyathelo eziqinile zokuvikela imvelo kanye nobuchwepheshe bokwelapha imfucuza kubalulekile ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wemvelo wemisebenzi ehlobene ne-sodium cyanide.

Isiphetho

I-sodium cyanide, naphezu kobuthi bayo obuphezulu, iyikhemikhali ebalulekile ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene. Izakhiwo zayo zamakhemikhali eziyingqayizivele ziyenza ikwazi ukudlala indima ebalulekile ekukhishweni kwensimbi eyigugu, Ukuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali, kanye ne-electroplating. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezingozi ezingaba khona empilweni yomuntu kanye nemvelo, imithetho eqinile yokuphepha kanye nezinqubo ezifanele zokuphatha kufanele kulandelwe kukho konke ukukhiqizwa kwayo, ukuthutha, ukugcinwa nokusetshenziswa kwayo. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, kufanele futhi kwenziwe imizamo yokuthuthukisa ezinye izindlela ezihambisana nemvelo neziphephile noma izinqubo ezithuthukisiwe zokunciphisa ukuthembela kanye nezingozi ezihlobene ne-sodium cyanide kuyilapho zisahlangabezana nezidingo zokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni.