Usongo Lwesodium Cyanide Kwezemvelo kanye Nezindlela Zokuvikela

Isingeniso

I-Sodium cyanide (NaCN) iyinhlanganisela yamakhemikhali enobuthi kakhulu esetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni eminingi yezimboni, okuhlanganisa ukumbiwa kwegolide nesiliva, ukufakelwa kwe-electroplating, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezinto eziphilayo. Izakhiwo zayo zamakhemikhali ezihlukile zenza kube yinto ebalulekile ezinqubweni ezithile zezimboni. Kodwa-ke, ukuphathwa, ukugcinwa, noma ukulahlwa kwe- Sodium cyanide okungafanele kungadala uchungechunge lwemiphumela emibi emvelweni, okudala izinsongo ezinkulu ekhwalithini yomhlabathi, izinsiza zamanzi, kanye nekhwalithi yomoya. Ukuqonda lezi zinsongo nokusebenzisa izindlela zokuvikela ezisebenzayo kubaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozweni kwemvelo kanye nenhlalakahle yabantu.

Izakhiwo kanye nemithombo ye-Sodium Cyanide

I-Sodium cyanide iyi-crystalline solid emhlophe, ekhombisa ukuncibilika okuphezulu emanzini. Inephunga elibabayo le-alimondi, yize kungebona bonke abantu abangalizwa leli phunga. Embonini, idliwa ngobuningi. Isibonelo, embonini yezimayini zegolide nesiliva, inqubo ye-cyanidation isebenzisa i-Sodium Cyanide ukuncibilikisa izinsimbi eziyigugu ezivela kuma-ore. Le nqubo ihilela ukwakheka kwe-soluble metal - cyanide complexes. Izimboni ze-electroplating ziyisebenzisela ukufaka ungqimba oluncane lwensimbi ezindaweni ezahlukene, futhi isebenza njengezinto eziwusizo ezibalulekile ekuhlanganiseni amakhemikhali amaningi e-organic embonini yamakhemikhali. Ngeshwa, ukuchitheka ngengozi ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa noma ukukhiqizwa, imikhuba engafanele yokulahla imfucuza, kanye nokuvuza okuvela ezindaweni zokugcina kuyimithombo evamile lapho i-sodium cyanide ingakhishwa khona emvelweni.

Izingozi Ezemvelo

Umthelela Emhlabathini

1.Umthelela Ezinambuzaneni Zomhlaba

Ama-microorganisms asenhlabathini "angonjiniyela" be-ecosystem yomhlabathi, adlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni ukuvunda komhlabathi, ukwenza lula ukuhamba kwamabhayisikili okunomsoco, nokuqinisekisa impilo yonke yomhlabathi. I-sodium cyanide, ngisho nasezindaweni eziphansi kakhulu zomhlabathi, ingasebenza njengesivimbeli esinamandla sama-microorganisms enhlabathini. Kungaphazamisa imisebenzi evamile ye-metabolic yamagciwane, isikhunta, namanye amagciwane anenzuzo. Isibonelo, amabhaktheriya athile alungisa i-nitrogen, anesibopho sokuguqula i-nitrogen yasemkhathini ibe uhlobo olufinyeleleka ezitshalweni, angakwazi ukulungisa i-nitrogen - amandla awo okulungisa alinyazwa kakhulu yi-cyanide. Lokhu kuphazamiseka komjikelezo wenitrogen kancane kancane kungaholela ekwehleni kokuvunda kwenhlabathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Emazingeni aphezulu, i-cyanide ingaba yingozi ezinambuzaneni eziningi zomhlabathi, inciphise ukuhlukahluka kwamagciwane futhi iphazamise ibhalansi yemvelo entekenteke enhlabathini.

2.Ukuguqulwa Kwesakhiwo Somhlaba kanye Nokutholakala Komsoco

I-Cyanide inamandla okubopha izinsimbi nezinto eziphilayo ezikhona enhlabathini, zenze izakhiwo ezizinzile. Le nqubo yokubopha ingenza imisoco ebalulekile njenge-iron, i-zinc, nethusi kufinyeleleke kalula ezitshalweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho i-cyanide isabela nezingxenye zomhlabathi, ingabangela izinguquko enhlabathini pH. Lokhu kuguqulwa kwe-pH, nakho, kuthinta ukunyibilika nokutholakala kwezinye izakhi. Isibonelo, kwezinye izimo, izinguquko ze-cyanide - ezibangelwa i-pH zingaholela emvuleni ye-phosphorus, yenze ingatholakali ekuthathweni kwezitshalo. Ukwengeza, i-cyanide ingaphazamisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi okuhlanganisayo. Inhlanganisela yenhlabathi enempilo ibalulekile ekungeneni kwamanzi, ukungena kwezimpande, nokufaka umoya emhlabathini. Uma lesi sakhiwo siphazamiseka, inhlabathi ingase iminyene, kubangele ukungaphumi kahle futhi kunciphe ukutholakala komoyampilo ezimpandeni zezitshalo.

3.Ukungcoliswa Komhlaba kanye Nokuphikelela Kwesikhathi Eside

Uma i-sodium cyanide ingena emhlabathini, ukuphikelela kwayo kuncike ezintweni ezihlukahlukene zemvelo. Kwezinye izimo, ama-microorganisms enhlabathini noma izinqubo zamakhemikhali zingehlisa kancane kancane i-cyanide. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni zenhlabathi ene-anaerobic noma ene-acidic kakhulu, engafanele ukuwohloka, i-cyanide inganqwabelana emhlabathini. Lokhu kuhlala isikhathi eside kusho ukuthi inhlabathi ingahlala ingcolile iminyaka, ilokhu ibeka engcupheni ekukhuleni kwezitshalo nasezintweni eziphilayo ezihlala emhlabathini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inhlabathi engcolile ingaba umthombo wesibili wokungcola. I-Cyanide ingase ingene emanzini angaphansi komhlaba noma ithathwe ukugeleza kwamanzi, isakaze ukungcola ezindaweni eziseduze.

Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi

Ukuncibilika okuphezulu kwe-sodium cyanide emanzini kuyenza ibe usongo olukhulu ezindaweni eziphila emanzini. Uma ikhishwa emanzini angaphezulu njengemifula, amachibi, noma imifudlana, iyancibilika ngokushesha futhi ihlukanise ibe ama-ion cyanide. Ngisho nasendaweni ephansi kakhulu, i-cyanide inobuthi obukhulu ezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Izinhlanzi, izilwane ezingenamgogodla, nezilwane ezihlala emanzini zisengcupheni yokuchayeka i-cyanide. I-Cyanide ingaphazamisa izinhlelo zabo zokuphefumula, ivimbele ukutholwa komoya-mpilo. Ngenxa yalokho, izinhlanzi zingase zithole ikhono elinciphile lokubhukuda, ukuzala okuvinjiwe, futhi ezimeni ezinzima, ukufa kwabantu abaningi. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukugxila okuphansi okungama-micrograms angu-5 - 7.2 ilitha ngalinye le-cyanide yamahhala kungaba nemiphumela emibi ezinhlanzini, futhi amazinga angaphezu kwama-microgram angu-200 ilitha anobuthi ngokushesha ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanzi. Izilwane ezingenamgogodla nazo zibonisa imiphumela emibi engabulali ekugxilweni okuphansi kwe-cyanide kanye nemiphumela ebulalayo emazingeni aphezulu kancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-cyanide ingangcolisa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, okuwumthombo omkhulu wamanzi okuphuza emiphakathini eminingi. Uma i-cyanide - amanzi angaphansi komhlaba angcolile esetshenziselwa ukuphuza, angaba usongo olukhulu empilweni yomuntu, abangele izimpawu ezifana nobuhlungu bekhanda, isiyezi, isicanucanu, futhi ezimeni ezimbi kakhulu, ukufa.

Ukungcoliswa komoya

Uma i-sodium cyanide ihlangana nama-acid, usawoti we-acid, amanzi, umswakama, noma i-Carbon dioxide, ingakhiqiza igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide enobuthi kakhulu futhi evuthayo (HCN). Le gesi ingakhishwa emoyeni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zezimboni lapho kuchitheka khona ngengozi noma ukuphathwa kabi. Igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide iyingozi kakhulu njengoba ingaphefumulwa kalula ngabantu nezilwane. Ukuhogela ngisho namanani amancane e-hydrogen cyanide kungabangela izinkinga zempilo ngokushesha, okuhlanganisa ubunzima bokuphefumula, ukuphefumula okusheshayo, ikhanda elibuhlungu, isiyezi, futhi lapho ukuvezwa kumthamo ophezulu, kungaholela ekumisweni kokuphefumula nokufa. Ngaphezu kwezingozi eziqondile zempilo, igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide ingafaka isandla ekungcolisweni komoya endaweni ezungezile, ikhwalithi yomoya iwohloke futhi ingathikameze inhlalakahle yayo yonke indawo.

Izindlela Zokuvikela

Ukuvikelwa Kokuphepha Emsebenzini

1.Izisetshenziswa Zokuzivikela Zomuntu Siqu (PPE)

• Ukuvikelwa Kokuphefumula : Ezindaweni lapho kungenzeka khona ukuchayeka ku-sodium cyanide, njengasesikhathini sokukhiqizwa kwayo, ukuthuthwa kwayo, noma uma kungenzeka kube nokuvuza, abasebenzi kumele bahlonyiswe ngokuvikelwa kokuphefumula okufanele. Amadivayisi okuphefumula azimele (ama-SCBA) anconywa ezimweni ezinobungozi obukhulu, njengoba enikeza umthombo othembekile womoya ohlanzekile, okuvimbela ngempumelelo ukuhogela uthuli noma igesi equkethe i-cyanide. Ezimweni zokuchayeka okuncane kakhulu, ama-respirator ahlanza umoya anezihlungi ezithile ezenzelwe ukususa ama-compound e-cyanide angasetshenziswa, kodwa ukusebenza kwawo kuncike kakhulu ekulinganeni okufanele kanye nobuqotho bokuhlunga.

• Ukuvikelwa Kwesikhumba Namehlo : I-Sodium cyanide ingabangela ukusha okukhulu lapho ithinta isikhumba namehlo. Ngakho-ke, abasebenzi kufanele bahlale begqoka amasudi amelana namakhemikhali emzimbeni wonke, okuhlanganisa amagilavu ​​​​namabhuzu. Izibuko zokuphepha noma izihlangu zobuso zibalulekile ukuvikela amehlo kunoma yikuphi ukuchayeka noma izinhlayiya zothuli. Lezi zingubo zokuzivikela kumele zenziwe ngezinto ezingangenisi i-sodium cyanide ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha okuphezulu.

• Ezinye Izinto Zokuvikela : Ngaphandle kokuvikela ukuphefumula, isikhumba, kanye namehlo, abasebenzi kufanele bagqoke nezigqoko eziqinile ezindaweni lapho kunengozi yokuwa kwezinto kanye nokuvikela ukuzwa okufanele uma besebenza ezindaweni ezinomsindo ezihlobene nokusebenza kwe-sodium cyanide.

2.Izinyathelo Zokuphepha Zasemsebenzini

• Indawo Yokugcina : I-Sodium cyanide kufanele igcinwe endaweni yokugcina enikezelwe, enomoya omuhle, futhi ekhiyiwe ehlukanisiwe namanye amakhemikhali, ikakhulukazi lawo angasabela kuyo. Izitsha zokugcina kumele zivalwe ngokuqinile futhi zakhiwe ngezinto ezingamelana nokugqwala yi-sodium cyanide, njenge-polyethylene enobuningi obukhulu noma insimbi engagqwali. Amalebula acacile ezitsheni kufanele abonise okuqukethwe, izingozi, kanye nemiyalelo yokuphatha. Izindawo zokugcina kufanele futhi zifakwe izindawo zokuvimba ukuchitheka, njengemigoqo noma amathileyi, ukuvimbela ukusabalala kwanoma iyiphi i-sodium cyanide evuzayo.

• Izinqubo Zokuphatha : Konke ukuphathwa kwe-sodium cyanide kufanele kwenziwe endaweni elawulwayo kulandela izinqubo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile eziqinile. Abasebenzi kufanele baqeqeshwe ngamasu okuphakamisa, ukuthulula, nokudlulisa afanele ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi yokuchitheka noma ukuchaphazeka. Amathuluzi asetshenziselwa ukuphatha i-sodium cyanide kufanele enziwe ngezinto ezingashisi ukuvimbela ukusha kwanoma yiziphi izingxube ezingase zivuthe. Ngemva kokusetshenziswa ngakunye, imishini kanye nezindawo zokusebenza kufanele kuhlanzwe kahle futhi kuhlanzwe ukuze kususwe noma yiziphi izinsalela ze-sodium cyanide.

• Umoya Ongenisayo : Umoya owanele uyadingeka ezindaweni zokusebenza lapho kukhona khona i-sodium cyanide. Izinhlelo zomoya ongenisayo wendawo kufanele zifakwe ezindaweni lapho kungenzeka khona ukukhululwa, njengasekuvulweni kweziqukathi noma ngesikhathi sezinqubo zokukhiqiza. Umoya ongenisayo ojwayelekile endaweni yonke yokusebenza kufanele futhi ube owanele ukugcina ikhwalithi yomoya nokunciphisa noma yiziphi izinhlayiya noma umhwamuko we-sodium cyanide emoyeni. Ukuqapha njalo ikhwalithi yomoya endaweni yokusebenza kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amazinga okuvezwa ahlala ngaphakathi kwemingcele eyamukelekayo.

3.Ukuqeqeshwa Kwabasebenzi

• Ukuqwashisa Ngezingozi : Bonke abasebenzi abangase bathintane ne-sodium cyanide, okuhlanganisa nalabo abahilelekile ekukhiqizweni kwayo, ekuthuthweni kwayo, ekugcinweni kwayo, kanye nasempendulweni yayo ephuthumayo, kumele bathole ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele ngezingozi ezihlobene naleli khemikhali. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqonda ubuthi bayo, izindlela ezingaba khona zokuchayeka kuyo (ukuphefumula, ukugwinya, kanye nokuxhumana nesikhumba), kanye nezimpawu zobuthi be-cyanide.

• Ukuphathwa Nokugcinwa Okuphephile : Abasebenzi kufanele baqeqeshwe ngezinqubo ezifanele zokuphathwa nokugcinwa njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla. Kufanele futhi bajwayelane nokusetshenziswa kwemishini yokuzivikela yomuntu siqu nokuthi ungayisusa kanjani futhi uyisuse kanjani ngendlela efanele. Ukuqeqeshwa kufanele kufake imiboniso esebenzayo kanye nolwazi olusebenzayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abasebenzi bayaqiniseka ngamakhono abo okuphatha i-sodium cyanide ngokuphephile.

• Ukuqeqeshwa Kwempendulo Ephuthumayo : Abasebenzi kufanele baqeqeshwe ngezinqubo zokuphendula eziphuthumayo, okuhlanganisa nendlela yokubona izimpawu zokuvuza noma ukuchayeka kwe-sodium cyanide, indlela yokuqala impendulo ephuthumayo, kanye nendlela yokwenza usizo lokuqala uma kwenzeka ubuthi be-cyanide. Kufanele kwenziwe izivivinyo ezivamile ukuze kuhlolwe futhi kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kohlelo lokuphendula eziphuthumayo.

Izinyathelo Eziphuthumayo

1.Isigameko Impendulo

• Ukuhlukaniswa Nokuthuthwa Kwendle : Uma kwenzeka kuvuza noma kuchitheka i-sodium cyanide, indawo ethintekile kufanele ihlukaniswe ngokushesha ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusabalala kwalesi sidakamizwa esinobuthi. Izinqubo zokususa indle kufanele ziqalwe ngokushesha, futhi bonke abasebenzi abangabalulekile kufanele bathuthelwe kude nendawo yesigameko. Imizila yokususa indle kufanele iphawulwe ngokucacile futhi yaziwe yibo bonke abasebenzi.

• Ukuvimbela Nokuhlanza : Amaqembu akhethekile ahlonyiswe ngemishini yokuzivikela yomuntu siqu efanele kanye nezinto zokuphendula ezichithekile kufanele zisetshenziswe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuchitheka. Lokhu kungafaka phakathi ukusebenzisa izinto ezimuncayo, njenge- Activated Carbon noma i-vermiculite, ukuze kugwinywe i-sodium cyanide ewuketshezi. I-sodium cyanide eqinile ingashanelwa ngokucophelela bese ifakwa ezitsheni ezivaliwe ukuze ilahlwe kahle. Ngemva kokuthi ukuchitheka sekuvinjiwe, indawo kufanele ihlanzwe kahle kusetshenziswa izinto zokuhlanza ezifanele kanye namasu okususa noma yimiphi iminonjana esele ye-sodium cyanide.

• Isaziso : Uma kwenzeka isigameko se-sodium cyanide, iziphathimandla ezifanele, njengezikhungo zokuvikela imvelo zendawo, iminyango yomlilo, kanye namaqembu okusabela eziphuthumayo, kufanele zaziswe ngokushesha. Ukuxhumana ngesikhathi kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa impendulo ehlelekile nephumelelayo yokunciphisa imiphumela yezemvelo kanye nempilo.

2.Ukwelashwa kweCyanide - Equkethe Imfucuza

• Indlela Yokufaka I-Chlorination Ene-Alkaline : Le ndlela ihilela ukulungisa i-pH yamanzi angcolile aqukethe i-cyanide ibe ngu-8.5 - 9 bese kungezwa ama-oxidant asekelwe ku-chlorine. Ama-oxidant asekelwe ku-chlorine, njenge-bleach (ikakhulukazi i-NaClO) noma igesi ye-chlorine (i-Cl₂, encibilika emanzini ukuze yakhe i-HClO), asabela ngama-ion e-cyanide (CN⁻). Esinyathelweni sokuqala, i-cyanide i-oxidized ibe yi-cyanate (CNO⁻), okuyinto engenabungozi kangako. Ukushiswa okwengeziwe kungaguqula i-cyanate ibe yi-carbon dioxide (CO₂) kanye ne-nitrogen (N₂). Le ndlela ilula kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa futhi inganciphisa ngempumelelo okuqukethwe kwe-cyanide emanzini angcolile kube sezingeni eliphansi. Kodwa-ke, ifaneleka kakhulu ekwelapheni amanzi angcolile anezinga eliphansi le-cyanide. Amanzi angcolile e-cyanide anezinga eliphezulu angadinga inani elikhulu lama-oxidant asekelwe ku-chlorine, okwandisa izindleko zokwelashwa futhi okungenzeka akhiqize ukungcola kwesibili.

• Indlela Yokucindezela I-Hydrolysis : Kule ndlela, amanzi angcolile aqukethe i-cyanide afakwa esitsheni esivaliwe. Kufakwa i-alkali, bese amanzi angcolile ayashiswa futhi acindezelwe. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, i-cyanide ibhekana nokusabela kwe-hydrolysis. Ama-ion e-Cyanide asabela nama-molecule amanzi ukuze akhiqize i-sodium formate engenabo ubuthi (HCOONa) kanye ne-ammonia (NH₃). Le ndlela inobubanzi bokuzivumelanisa nokuhlushwa kwe-cyanide emanzini angcolile futhi ingaphatha ama-compounds e-cyanide ayinkimbinkimbi. Kodwa-ke, idinga imishini ekhethekile yokucindezela nokushisa, okwenza inqubo iyonke ibe yinkimbinkimbi. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aphezulu kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwemishini nakho kuholela ezindleleni zokwelashwa eziphezulu.

• Indlela Ene-asidi : Ngendlela ene-asidi, i-sulfuric acid ifakwa emanzini angcolile aqukethe i-cyanide ukuze kulungiswe i-pH ibe ngu-2 - 3. Ngaphansi kwezimo ze-asidi, i-cyanide emanzini angcolile iyasabela ukuze yakhe igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Njengoba ubukhulu begesi ye-hydrogen cyanide buncane, umoya udlula emanzini angcolile ukuze ukhiphe igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide, bese igesi ifakwa esixazululweni se-alkali ukuze isetshenziswe kabusha. Enye inzuzo yale ndlela ukubuyiswa okungenzeka kwe-sodium cyanide, enenani elithile lezomnotho. Kodwa-ke, idinga ukulawulwa okuqinile kwezimo zokusebenza njengoba igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide inobuthi obukhulu. Noma yikuphi ukuvuza ngesikhathi senqubo kungaba usongo olukhulu emvelweni nasempilweni yabantu, okudinga izinyathelo zokuphepha eziphezulu kanye nokuvalwa kwemishini.

• Izindlela Zokwelapha Ngezinto Eziphilayo : Amanye ama-microorganism anekhono lokubola i-cyanide. Ezindleleni zokwelapha ngezinto eziphilayo, amabhaktheriya noma isikhunta esithile sisetshenziselwa ukonakalisa i-cyanide emfucumfucwini. Lawa ma-microorganism angasebenzisa i-cyanide njengomthombo wekhabhoni noma i-nitrogen ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge lwezimpendulo ze-enzyme, ayiguqule ibe izinto ezingezona ezinobuthi njenge-carbon dioxide, amanzi, kanye ne-ammonia. Izindlela zokwelapha ngezinto eziphilayo zinobungane nemvelo njengoba zingalethi inani elikhulu lama-reagents amakhemikhali. Kodwa-ke, zivame ukuzwela kakhulu ezimweni zemvelo, futhi ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa kungathinteka yizici ezifana nokushisa, i-pH, kanye nokuba khona kwezinye izinto ezingcolisayo.

Isiphetho

I-sodium cyanide, naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo emisebenzini ehlukahlukene yezimboni, ibeka izinsongo ezinkulu emvelweni. Umthelela wawo enhlabathini, emanzini, nasemoyeni ungaholela emiphumeleni yesikhathi eside nekude yemvelo nempilo yabantu. Kodwa-ke, ngokusetshenziswa kwezinyathelo ezifanele zokuvikela ukuphepha endaweni yokusebenza, izinhlelo ezisebenzayo zokubhekana nezimo eziphuthumayo, nezindlela ezifanele zokwelashwa kwe-cyanide - equkethe udoti, singanciphisa lezi zinsongo. Kungumthwalo wezimboni, iziphathimandla ezilawulayo, kanye nomphakathi wonkana ukuqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokuphephile, ukugcinwa, nokulahlwa kwe-sodium cyanide ukuze kuvikelwe indawo yethu futhi kuvikelwe inhlalakahle yezizukulwane ezizayo.