Usongo Lwesodium Cyanide Kwezemvelo kanye Nezindlela Zokuvikela

Isingeniso

Sodium i-cyanide (I-NaCN) iyinhlanganisela yamakhemikhali anobuthi obukhulu kakhulu esetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni yezimboni eziningi, okuhlanganisa izimayini zegolide nezesiliva, i-electroplating, kanye ne-organic synthesis. Izakhiwo zayo zamakhemikhali eziyingqayizivele ziyenza ibe i-reagent ebalulekile ezinqubweni ezithile zezimboni. Nokho, ukuphathwa ngendlela engafanele, ukugcinwa, noma ukulahlwa I-sodium cyanide ingadalula uchungechunge lwemiphumela enzima ngendawo ezungezile, ebeka izinsongo ezibalulekile kukhwalithi yenhlabathi, imithombo yamanzi, kanye nekhwalithi yomoya. Ukuqonda lezi zinsongo nokusebenzisa izindlela zokuvikela ezisebenzayo kubaluleke kakhulu ekongiweni kwemvelo kanye nempilo yabantu.

Izakhiwo kanye nemithombo ye-Sodium Cyanide

I-sodium cyanide iqinile, ecwebezelayo emhlophe ebonisa ukuncibilika okuphezulu emanzini. Inesici sephunga le-alimondi elibabayo, nakuba kungeyena wonke umuntu ongalizwa leli phunga. Embonini, isetshenziswa ngobuningi. Isibonelo, embonini yezimayini zegolide nesiliva, inqubo ye-cyanidation iyasebenza I-Sodium Cyanide ukuncibilikisa izinsimbi eziyigugu ezivela ore. Le nqubo ihilela ukwakheka kwensimbi encibilikayo - i-cyanide complexes. Izimboni ze-Electroplating ziyisebenzisela ukufaka ungqimba oluncane lwensimbi kuma-substrates ahlukahlukene, futhi isebenza njengempahla eluhlaza eyinhloko ekuhlanganisweni kwezinhlanganisela eziningi zezinto eziphilayo embonini yamakhemikhali. Ngeshwa, ukuchitheka ngephutha ngesikhathi sokuthutha noma ukukhiqiza, izinqubo zokulahlwa kwemfucuza ezingafanele, kanye nokuvuza ezindaweni zokugcina kuyimithombo evamile lapho i-sodium cyanide ingadedelwa ingene emvelweni.

Izingozi Ezemvelo

Umthelela Emhlabathini

1.Umthelela Ezinambuzaneni Zomhlaba

Ama-microorganisms asenhlabathini "angonjiniyela" be-ecosystem yomhlabathi, adlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni ukuvunda komhlabathi, ukwenza lula ukuhamba kwamabhayisikili okunomsoco, nokuqinisekisa impilo yonke yomhlabathi. I-sodium cyanide, ngisho nasezindaweni eziphansi kakhulu zomhlabathi, ingasebenza njengesivimbeli esinamandla sama-microorganisms enhlabathini. Kungaphazamisa imisebenzi evamile ye-metabolic yamagciwane, isikhunta, namanye amagciwane anenzuzo. Isibonelo, amabhaktheriya athile alungisa i-nitrogen, anesibopho sokuguqula i-nitrogen yasemkhathini ibe uhlobo olufinyeleleka ezitshalweni, angakwazi ukulungisa i-nitrogen - amandla awo okulungisa alinyazwa kakhulu yi-cyanide. Lokhu kuphazamiseka komjikelezo wenitrogen kancane kancane kungaholela ekwehleni kokuvunda kwenhlabathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Emazingeni aphezulu, i-cyanide ingaba yingozi ezinambuzaneni eziningi zomhlabathi, inciphise ukuhlukahluka kwamagciwane futhi iphazamise ibhalansi yemvelo entekenteke enhlabathini.

2.Ukuguqulwa Kwesakhiwo Somhlaba kanye Nokutholakala Komsoco

I-Cyanide inamandla okubopha izinsimbi nezinto eziphilayo ezikhona enhlabathini, zenze izakhiwo ezizinzile. Le nqubo yokubopha ingenza imisoco ebalulekile njenge-iron, i-zinc, nethusi kufinyeleleke kalula ezitshalweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho i-cyanide isabela nezingxenye zomhlabathi, ingabangela izinguquko enhlabathini pH. Lokhu kuguqulwa kwe-pH, nakho, kuthinta ukunyibilika nokutholakala kwezinye izakhi. Isibonelo, kwezinye izimo, izinguquko ze-cyanide - ezibangelwa i-pH zingaholela emvuleni ye-phosphorus, yenze ingatholakali ekuthathweni kwezitshalo. Ukwengeza, i-cyanide ingaphazamisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi okuhlanganisayo. Inhlanganisela yenhlabathi enempilo ibalulekile ekungeneni kwamanzi, ukungena kwezimpande, nokufaka umoya emhlabathini. Uma lesi sakhiwo siphazamiseka, inhlabathi ingase iminyene, kubangele ukungaphumi kahle futhi kunciphe ukutholakala komoyampilo ezimpandeni zezitshalo.

3.Ukungcoliswa Komhlaba kanye Nokuphikelela Kwesikhathi Eside

Uma i-sodium cyanide ingena emhlabathini, ukuphikelela kwayo kuncike ezintweni ezihlukahlukene zemvelo. Kwezinye izimo, ama-microorganisms enhlabathini noma izinqubo zamakhemikhali zingehlisa kancane kancane i-cyanide. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni zenhlabathi ene-anaerobic noma ene-acidic kakhulu, engafanele ukuwohloka, i-cyanide inganqwabelana emhlabathini. Lokhu kuhlala isikhathi eside kusho ukuthi inhlabathi ingahlala ingcolile iminyaka, ilokhu ibeka engcupheni ekukhuleni kwezitshalo nasezintweni eziphilayo ezihlala emhlabathini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inhlabathi engcolile ingaba umthombo wesibili wokungcola. I-Cyanide ingase ingene emanzini angaphansi komhlaba noma ithathwe ukugeleza kwamanzi, isakaze ukungcola ezindaweni eziseduze.

Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi

Ukuncibilika okuphezulu kwe-sodium cyanide emanzini kuyenza ibe usongo olukhulu ezindaweni eziphila emanzini. Uma ikhishwa emanzini angaphezulu njengemifula, amachibi, noma imifudlana, iyancibilika ngokushesha futhi ihlukanise ibe ama-ion cyanide. Ngisho nasendaweni ephansi kakhulu, i-cyanide inobuthi obukhulu ezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Izinhlanzi, izilwane ezingenamgogodla, nezilwane ezihlala emanzini zisengcupheni yokuchayeka i-cyanide. I-Cyanide ingaphazamisa izinhlelo zabo zokuphefumula, ivimbele ukutholwa komoya-mpilo. Ngenxa yalokho, izinhlanzi zingase zithole ikhono elinciphile lokubhukuda, ukuzala okuvinjiwe, futhi ezimeni ezinzima, ukufa kwabantu abaningi. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukugxila okuphansi okungama-micrograms angu-5 - 7.2 ilitha ngalinye le-cyanide yamahhala kungaba nemiphumela emibi ezinhlanzini, futhi amazinga angaphezu kwama-microgram angu-200 ilitha anobuthi ngokushesha ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanzi. Izilwane ezingenamgogodla nazo zibonisa imiphumela emibi engabulali ekugxilweni okuphansi kwe-cyanide kanye nemiphumela ebulalayo emazingeni aphezulu kancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-cyanide ingangcolisa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, okuwumthombo omkhulu wamanzi okuphuza emiphakathini eminingi. Uma i-cyanide - amanzi angaphansi komhlaba angcolile esetshenziselwa ukuphuza, angaba usongo olukhulu empilweni yomuntu, abangele izimpawu ezifana nobuhlungu bekhanda, isiyezi, isicanucanu, futhi ezimeni ezimbi kakhulu, ukufa.

Ukungcoliswa komoya

Lapho i-sodium cyanide ihlangana nama-acids, usawoti we-asidi, amanzi, umswakama, noma i-carbon dioxide, ingakhiqiza igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide (HCN) enobuthi kakhulu futhi evuthayo. Le gesi ingakhishelwa emkhathini, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zezimboni lapho ukuchitheka kwengozi noma ukuphathwa ngendlela engafanele kwenzeka. Igesi yeHydrogen cyanide iyingozi kakhulu njengoba ingahogelwa kalula ngabantu nezilwane. Ukuhogela ngisho nenani elincane le-hydrogen cyanide kungabangela izinkinga zempilo ngokushesha, okuhlanganisa ukuphefumula kanzima, ukuphefumula ngokushesha, ikhanda elibuhlungu, isiyezi, kanye nokuchayeka ngedosi ephezulu, kungaholela ekuboshweni kokuphefumula nokufa. Ngaphezu kwezingozi eziqondile zezempilo, igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide nayo ingaba nomthelela ekungcolisweni komoya endaweni ezungezile, yonakalise izinga lomoya futhi iphazamise inhlalakahle yayo yonke i-ecosystem.

Izindlela Zokuvikela

Ukuvikelwa Kokuphepha Emsebenzini

1.Izisetshenziswa Zokuzivikela Zomuntu Siqu (PPE)

• Ukuvikelwa kokuphefumula: Ezimweni lapho ukuchayeka kwe-sodium cyanide kungenzeka khona, njengalapho ikhiqizwa, ithuthwa, noma lapho kungenzeka kuvuze khona, abasebenzi kufanele bahlonyiswe ngesivikelo sokuphefumula esifanele. Imishini yokuphefumula equkethwe ngokwakho (SCBAs) inconywa ezimweni ezinobungozi obukhulu, njengoba inikeza umthombo onokwethenjelwa womoya ohlanzekile, ukuvimbela ngokuphumelelayo ukuhogela kwe-cyanide - equkethe uthuli noma igesi. Ezimweni zokuchayeka okungatheni, iziphefumulo ezihlanza umoya ezinezihlungi ezithile eziklanyelwe ukususa izinhlanganisela ze-cyanide zingasetshenziswa, kodwa ukusebenza kwazo kuncike kakhulu ekulinganeni okufanele nobuqotho bokuhlunga.

• Ukuvikelwa Kwesikhumba Namehlo: I-sodium cyanide ingabangela ukusha okukhulu lapho uthinta isikhumba namehlo. Ngakho-ke, abasebenzi kufanele bahlale begqoke amasudi aphelele - amakhemikhali omzimba - ukumelana, okuhlanganisa amagilavu ​​namabhuzu. Izibuko zokuphepha noma izivikelo zobuso zibalulekile ukuvikela amehlo kunoma yikuphi ukuchaphazeka noma izinhlayiya zothuli. Lezi zingubo zokuzivikela kufanele zenziwe ngezinto ezingenakukwazi ukungena ku-sodium cyanide ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha okuphezulu.

• Enye Igiya Lokuvikela: Ngaphandle kokuvikela ukuphefumula, isikhumba, nokuvikela amehlo, abasebenzi kufanele futhi bagqoke izigqoko eziqinile ezindaweni lapho kunobungozi bezinto eziwayo kanye nokuvikelwa kwezindlebe okufanele uma besebenza ezindaweni ezinomsindo ezihlobene nokusebenza kwe-sodium cyanide.

2.Izinyathelo Zokuphepha Zasemsebenzini

• Storage: I-sodium cyanide kufanele igcinwe endaweni ezinikele, enomoya omuhle, futhi ekhiyiwe ehlukaniswe kwamanye amakhemikhali, ikakhulukazi lawo angakwazi ukusabela ngayo. Iziqukathi zokugcina kufanele zivalwe ngokuqinile futhi zakhiwe ngezinto ezimelana nokugqwala nge-sodium cyanide, njenge-high-density polyethylene noma insimbi engagqwali. Amalebula acacile ezitsheni kufanele akhombise okuqukethwe, izingozi, neziyalezo zokusingatha. Izindawo zokugcina kufanele futhi zifakwe izinto zokuqukatha ukuchitheka, njengamadikhi noma amathreyi, ukuvimbela ukusabalala kwanoma iyiphi i-sodium cyanide evuzayo.

• Izinqubo Zokuphatha: Konke ukuphatha kwe-sodium cyanide kufanele kwenziwe endaweni elawulwayo ngokulandela izinqubo eziqinile zokusebenza ezijwayelekile. Abasebenzi kufanele baqeqeshwe ngendlela efanele yokuphakamisa, ukuthela, kanye nokudlulisa ukuze kuncishiswe ubungozi bokuchitheka noma ukuchaphazeka. Amathuluzi asetshenziselwa ukuphatha i-sodium cyanide kufanele enziwe ngezinto ezingashisi ukuvimbela ukuvutha kwanoma yiziphi izingxube ezingase zishise. Ngemuva kokusetshenziswa ngakunye, izinto zokusebenza nezindawo zokusebenza kufanele zihlanzwe kahle futhi zicoliswe ukuze kususwe noma yiziphi izinsalela ze-sodium cyanide.

• ukupholisa: Ukungena komoya owanele kubalulekile ezindaweni zokusebenza lapho kukhona khona i-sodium cyanide. Amasistimu okukhipha umoya wendawo kufanele afakwe ezindaweni ezingase zikhishwe, njengalapho kuvulwa iziqukathi noma phakathi nezinqubo zokukhiqiza. Ukungena komoya okuvamile kuyo yonke indawo yokusebenza kufanele futhi kwanele ukugcina ikhwalithi yomoya futhi kuncishiswe noma yiziphi izinhlayiya ze-sodium cyanide noma umhwamuko otholakala emoyeni. Ukuqapha njalo izinga lomoya emsebenzini kuyadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amazinga okuchayeka ahlala ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo eyamukelekayo.

3.Ukuqeqeshwa Kwabasebenzi

• Ukuqwashisa Ngezingozi: Bonke abasebenzi abangase bahlangane ne-sodium cyanide, okuhlanganisa nalabo abahilelekile ekukhiqizeni kwayo, ezokuthutha, ukugcinwa, kanye nezimo eziphuthumayo, kufanele bathole ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele ngezingozi ezihlobene namakhemikhali. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqonda ubuthi bayo, izindlela ezingaba khona zokuchayeka (ukuhogela, ukumunca, nokuthinta isikhumba), kanye nezimpawu zobuthi be-cyanide.

• Ukuphatha Okuphephile kanye Nesitoreji: Abasebenzi kufanele baqeqeshelwe ukuphatha nokugcina izinqubo ngendlela echazwe ngenhla. Kufanele futhi bajwayelane nokusetshenziswa kwezinto zokuzivikela kanye nendlela yokuzifaka nokuvala kahle. Ukuqeqeshwa kufanele kufake imiboniso esebenzayo kanye nezandla - ngolwazi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi abasebenzi bayazethemba emakhonweni abo okuphatha i-sodium cyanide ngokuphepha.

• Ukuqeqeshwa Kwezimpendulo Eziphuthumayo: Abasebenzi kufanele baqeqeshwe ezinqubweni zokusabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo, okuhlanganisa nendlela yokubona izimpawu zokuvuza noma ukuchayeka kwe-sodium cyanide, indlela yokuqalisa impendulo ephuthumayo, kanye nendlela yokusingatha usizo lokuqala uma kwenzeka ubuthi be-cyanide. Ukuzivivinya okuvamile kufanele kwenziwe ukuze kuhlolwe futhi kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kohlelo lokusabela ezimeni eziphuthumayo.

Izinyathelo Eziphuthumayo

1.Isigameko Impendulo

• Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nokuphuma: Uma kwenzeka ukuvuza noma ukuchitheka kwe-sodium cyanide, indawo ethintekile kufanele ihlukaniswe ngokushesha ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusabalala kwento enobuthi. Izinqubo zokuphuma kufanele ziqalwe ngokushesha, futhi bonke abasebenzi abangabalulekile kufanele bayiswe endaweni ephephile endaweni yesigameko. Imizila yokuphuma kufanele imakwe ngokucacile futhi yaziwe yibo bonke abasebenzi.

• Ukugcina kanye Nokuhlanza: Amathimba ayisipesheli ahlonyiswe ngezinto ezifanelekile zokuzivikela kanye nokuchitheka - izinto zokuphendula kufanele zisetshenziswe ukuze ziqukathe ukuchitheka. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukusebenzisa izinto ezimuncayo, njengekhabhoni ecushiwe noma i-vermiculite, ukucwilisa uketshezi lwe-sodium cyanide. I-sodium cyanide eqinile ingashanelwa ngokucophelela futhi ifakwe ezitsheni ezivaliwe ukuze ilahlwe ngendlela efanele. Ngemuva kokuthi ukuchitheka kuqukethwe, indawo kufanele ingcoliswe ngokuphelele kusetshenziswa ama-ejenti okuhlanza afanelekile kanye namasu ukuze kususwe noma yiziphi izinsalela ezisele ze-sodium cyanide.

• Isaziso: Uma kwenzeka kuba nesigameko se-sodium cyanide, iziphathimandla ezifanele, njengezikhungo zendawo zokuvikela imvelo, iminyango yezicishamlilo, namathimba okusabela ezimeni eziphuthumayo, kufanele zaziswe ngokushesha. Ukuxhumana okufika ngesikhathi kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusabela ngendlela ehlelekile nephumelelayo ukuze kuncishiswe imithelela yezemvelo nezempilo.

2.Ukwelashwa kweCyanide - Equkethe Imfucuza

• Indlela ye-Alkaline Chlorination: Le ndlela ihlanganisa ukulungisa i-pH ye-cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile ibe ngu-8.5 - 9 bese wengeza ama-oxidants asekelwe ku-chlorine. Ama-oxidants asekelwe ku-chlorine, njenge-bleach (ikakhulukazi i-NaClO) noma igesi ye-chlorine (Cl₂, encibilika emanzini ukuze yakhe i-HClO), isabela ngama-ion e-cyanide (CN⁻). Esinyathelweni sokuqala, i-cyanide i-oxidized to cyanate (CNO⁻), enobuthi obuncane kakhulu. I-oxidation eyengeziwe ingaguqula i-cyanate ibe yi-carbon dioxide (CO₂) ne-nitrogen (N₂). Indlela ilula ukuyisebenzisa futhi inganciphisa ngempumelelo okuqukethwe kwe-cyanide emanzini angcolile kuya ezingeni eliphansi uma kuqhathaniswa. Kodwa-ke, ifaneleka kakhulu ukwelapha amanzi angcolile ngokugxilisa okuphansi kwe-cyanide. Amanzi angcolile e-cyanide anezinga eliphezulu angase adinge inani elikhulu lama-oxidants asekelwe ku-chlorine, akhuphule izindleko zokwelashwa futhi akwazi ukukhiqiza ukungcola kwesibili.

• I-Presurizing Hydrolysis Method: Ngale ndlela, i-cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile ifakwa esitsheni esivaliwe. I-alkali iyengezwa, bese amanzi angcolile ayashiswa futhi acindezelwe. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, i-cyanide ithola ukusabela kwe-hydrolysis. Ama-Cyanide ions asabela nama-molecule amanzi ukuze akhiqize i-non-toxic sodium formate (HCOONA) kanye ne-ammonia (NH₃). Indlela inohlu olubanzi lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ekugxilweni kwe-cyanide emanzini angcolile futhi ingaphatha izinhlanganisela eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-cyanide. Kodwa-ke, kudinga imishini ekhethekile yokucindezela nokushisa, okwenza inqubo yonke ibe yinkimbinkimbi. Ukusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwamandla kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwemishini nakho kuholela ezindlekweni zokwelashwa eziphezulu.

• Indlela ene-Acidized: Ngendlela ene-asidi, i-sulfuric acid yengezwa ku-cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile ukuze kulungiswe i-pH ibe ngu-2 - 3. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezine-acidic, i-cyanide emanzini angcolile isabela ukwenza igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Njengoba ukuminyana kwegesi ye-hydrogen cyanide kukuncane, umoya udlula emanzini angcolile ukuze ukhiphe igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide, bese igesi yethulwa engxubeni ye-alkali ukuze igaywe kabusha. Enye inzuzo yale ndlela ukubuyiselwa okungenzeka kwe-sodium cyanide, enenani elithile lezomnotho. Nokho, kudinga ukulawula okuqinile kwezimo zokusebenza njengoba igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide inobuthi obudlulele. Noma yikuphi ukuvuza phakathi nenqubo kungaba usongo olukhulu endaweni ezungezile nempilo yabantu, okudinge izinyathelo zokuphepha ezisezingeni eliphezulu kanye nokuvala imishini.

• Izindlela Zokwelapha Zebhayoloji: Amanye ama-microorganisms anamandla okubola i-cyanide. Ezindleleni zokwelapha zebhayoloji, amabhaktheriya athile noma isikhunta sisetshenziselwa ukwehlisa isithunzi se-cyanide emfucumfucwini. Lawa ma-microorganisms angasebenzisa i-cyanide njengomthombo wekhabhoni noma we-nitrogen ngochungechunge lwe-enzymatic reactions, iguqule ibe yizinto ezingezona ezinobuthi njenge-carbon dioxide, amanzi, ne-ammonia. Izindlela zokwelapha zebhayoloji zihambisana nemvelo njengoba zingathuli inani elikhulu lama-reagents amakhemikhali. Kodwa-ke, zivame ukuzwela kakhulu ezimweni zemvelo, futhi ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa kungase kuthinteke izici ezifana nezinga lokushisa, i-pH, nokuba khona kwezinye izinto ezingcolisayo.

Isiphetho

I-sodium cyanide, naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo emisebenzini ehlukahlukene yezimboni, ibeka izinsongo ezinkulu emvelweni. Umthelela wawo enhlabathini, emanzini, nasemoyeni ungaholela emiphumeleni yesikhathi eside nekude yemvelo nempilo yabantu. Kodwa-ke, ngokusetshenziswa kwezinyathelo ezifanele zokuvikela ukuphepha endaweni yokusebenza, izinhlelo ezisebenzayo zokubhekana nezimo eziphuthumayo, nezindlela ezifanele zokwelashwa kwe-cyanide - equkethe udoti, singanciphisa lezi zinsongo. Kungumthwalo wezimboni, iziphathimandla ezilawulayo, kanye nomphakathi wonkana ukuqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokuphephile, ukugcinwa, nokulahlwa kwe-sodium cyanide ukuze kuvikelwe indawo yethu futhi kuvikelwe inhlalakahle yezizukulwane ezizayo.