Izingozi Nezinqubo Zokwelapha Ze-Cyanide - equkethe Amanzi Angcolile

Isingeniso

Amanzi angcolile aqukethe i-Cyanide ayinkinga enkulu kwezemvelo ngenxa yemvelo yawo enobuthi obukhulu. Ama-cyanide amathathu aziwa kakhulu anobuthi obukhulu , okuyi- Sodium cyanide (NaCN), i-potassium cyanide (KCN), kanye ne-hydrocyanic acid (HCN), ayingozi enkulu empilweni yabantu kanye nasemvelweni. Into evamile phakathi kwala ma-Cyanide yikhono lawo lokuhlukanisa nokukhulula i-ion ye-cyanide (CN-) kalula.

Izingozi zeCyanide - eziqukethe Amanzi Angcolile

I-Toxicity Mechanism kubantu

I-toxicology ebulalayo yama-cyanides ilele eqinisweni lokuthi i-cyanide ion (CN-) inobudlelwane obuqinile be-iron ions. Uma isisemzimbeni womuntu, i-CN- ibopha kalula i-iron ions, okuholela ekwehleni kwe-oksijini - amandla okuthwala insimbi - equkethe izinto. Lokhu ekugcineni kubangela ukuntuleka komoya-mpilo kumaseli wesistimu yezinzwa emaphakathi. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu abanobuthi bavame ukufa ngenxa yokukhubazeka okuphakathi kokuphefumula. Ubuthi bungenzeka ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, okubandakanya ukuthinta isikhumba, ukungenwa ngomlomo, ukuhogela, umjovo, nokuthintana nolwelwesi lwamafinyila. Ngisho nenani elincane lokuchayeka kwe-cyanide lingasongela ukuphila.

Impembelelo yemvelo

I-Cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile, uma engaphathwanga kahle futhi ekhishelwa emanzini, ingaba nomthelela omubi kakhulu empilweni yasemanzini. Izinto eziphila emanzini zizwela kakhulu ku-cyanide. Ngisho nasezindaweni eziphansi, i-cyanide ingaphazamisa imisebenzi evamile yokuphila kwezinhlanzi, izilwane ezingenamgogodla, nezinye izinhlobo zasemanzini, okuholela ekukhuleni okuncishisiwe, izinkinga zokuzala, futhi ekugcineni nokufa. Lokhu, futhi, kungaphazamisa yonke imvelo yasemanzini, kuthinte amaketanga okudla kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.

Izinqubo Zokwelapha I-Cyanide - equkethe Amanzi Angcolile

I-Cyanide Ephezulu - Equkethe Ukwelashwa Kwamanzi Angcolile: Ukutholwa Kwe-Cyanides

I-cyanide ephezulu - equkethe amanzi angcolile, indlela yokubuyisela ama-cyanides ivame ukusetshenziswa. Le ndlela ihlose ukukhipha futhi kusetshenziswe kabusha ama-cyanide abalulekile emanzini angcolile. Enye indlela evamile iwukukhipha i-solvent. Ekukhishweni kwe-solvent, i-solvent efanelekile ye-organic isetshenziselwa ukukhipha amakhompiyutha e-cyanide kusuka esigabeni samanzi angcolile anamanzi. Isigaba se-cyanide esigcwele i-organic singase siphinde sicutshungulwe ukuze kubuyiselwe ama-cyanide ahlanzekile. Le ndlela inenzuzo yokunciphisa nje kuphela umthelela wemvelo ngokukhipha i-cyanide emanzini angcolile kodwa futhi nokuthola umthombo wamakhemikhali ongase ube wusizo. Kodwa-ke, kudinga ukukhethwa ngokucophelela kwezincibilikisi kanye nokulawulwa okuqinile kwezimo zokusebenza ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhishwa okuphezulu okusebenzayo nokunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwe-solvent.

Iphansi - I-Cyanide Ye-Concentration - equkethe Ukuhlanza Amanzi Angcolile: Ukubhujiswa Kwe-Cyanide

Izindlela ze-Oxidation

1.I-Chemical Oxidation

• Isimiso : Izindlela zokuxilisa amakhemikhali zisebenzisa ama-oxidizing agent anamandla ukuguqula ama-ion e-cyanide abe izinto ezinobuthi obuncane noma ezingenabo ubuthi. Isibonelo, ama-oxidants asekelwe ku-chlorine njenge-sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) angasabela nama-ion e-cyanide. Ukusabela kuqala kuguqula i-cyanide (CN-) ibe yi-cyanate (CNO-), kanti okunye ukuxilisa kungaphula i-cyanate ibe yi -Carbon dioxide (CO2), i-nitrogen (N2), kanye neminye imikhiqizo engenangozi. Ukusabela okuphelele kungamelwa kanje:

• Esinyathelweni sokuqala: (CN^ -+OCl^ -\rightarrow CNO^ -+Cl^)

• Esinyathelweni sesibili: (2CNO^ -+3OCl^ -+H_2O\rightarrow 2CO_2 + N_2+3Cl^ -+2OH^ -)

• Izinzuzo : Ukushiswa kwamakhemikhali kulula kakhulu ukukusebenzisa futhi kungasebenza kahle ekwelapheni amanzi angcolile aqukethe i-cyanide ephansi. Kungasetshenziswa ezitshalweni zokwelapha amanzi angcolile ezikhona kanye noshintsho oluthile enkambisweni yokwelapha.

• Okubi : Ukusetshenziswa kwenani elikhulu lama-oxidizing agents kungabiza kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kungalawulwa kahle, ukusabela kungadala imikhiqizo engaba yingozi emvelweni. Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-chlorine kungaholela ekwakhekeni kokubulala amagciwane ngemikhiqizo efana ne-trihalomethanes.

2.I-Electrolytic Oxidation

• Isimiso : Ekushiseni kwe-electrolytic, ugesi udlula emanzini angcolile aqukethe i-cyanide kuseli le-electrolytic. I-anode yeseli isebenza njengendawo lapho kwenzeka khona ukushiseni. Ama-ion e-Cyanide ashiseniswa ebusweni be-anode. Ukusabela okuvamile ku-anode kungabhalwa ngokuthi (2CN^ -+4OH^ -\rightarrow 2CNO^ -+2H_2O + 2e^ -), futhi ukushiseni okwengeziwe kwe-cyanate kungenzeka ukuze kwakheke i-carbon dioxide ne-nitrogen.

• Izinzuzo : Kuyindlela yokwelapha ehlanzekile njengoba ingafaki ezinye izinto zamakhemikhali ngaphandle kwama-electrode. Ingenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi ilawulwe ngokunembile.

• Okubi : Kodwa-ke, njengoba kushiwo, i-electrolytic oxidation idla amandla amaningi. Isidingo sokuhlinzekwa kukagesi okuqhubekayo senza izindleko zokwelashwa zibe phezulu kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-electrode angase abhekane nokugqwala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okudinga ukulungiswa njalo nokushintshwa.

Ukwelashwa Kwebhayoloji

1. Isimiso : Ukwelashwa kwe-cyanide - amanzi angcolile aqukethe i-cyanide ngokwebhayoloji kuncike kuma-microorganisms angakwazi ukugaya i-cyanide njengomthombo wekhabhoni noma i-nitrogen. Amanye amabhaktheriya nesikhunta anekhono lokuphula i-cyanide ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwe-enzyme. Isibonelo, amabhaktheriya athile abhubhisa i-cyanide angaguqula i-cyanide ibe yi-ammonia futhi abumbeke ngochungechunge lwezinyathelo ze-enzyme. I-ammonia ingabe ifakwa i-nitrogen eyengeziwe ngamanye ama-microorganisms ohlelweni lokwelapha.

2. Izinzuzo : Ukwelashwa ngebhayoloji ngokuvamile kunobungani nemvelo njengoba kungabandakanyi ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali amaningi. Kungaba wusizo ekwelapheni amanzi angcolile aqukethe i-cyanide ephansi isikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi ezimweni lapho kukhona iqembu elifanele lamagciwane asunguliwe.

3. Okubi : Kodwa-ke, ukwelashwa kwezinto eziphilayo kuzwela kakhulu ezinguqukweni zokwakheka kwamanzi amdaka, izinga lokushisa, kanye ne-pH. Izinguquko ezingazelelwe kulezi zinhlaka zingavimbela ukukhula kanye nomsebenzi we-cyanide - izinto ezincane eziwohlozayo, okuholela ekunciphiseni ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa. Kudinga futhi isikhathi eside sokwelashwa uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela zamakhemikhali.

I-Cyanide Regeneration kanye Indlela Yokubuyisela

1. Isimiso : Le ndlela ifana nendlela yokubuyisa amanzi amdaka anezinga eliphezulu kodwa ingasetshenziswa nakwezinye izimo ezinamazinga aphansi. Igxile ekuvuseleleni nasekuvuseleleni i-cyanide emanzini amdaka. Enye indlela ukusebenzisa ama-ion-exchange resins. Ama-ion e-cyanide emanzini amdaka angamuncwa ebusweni be-resin. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngokusebenzisa i-eluent efanele, i-cyanide ingasuswa ku-resin bese ibuyiswa.

2. Izinzuzo : Kunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide ezinqubweni zezimboni ngokuvuselela i-cyanide. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokuba nezinzuzo zomnotho kodwa futhi kunciphisa umthelela wezemvelo ohlotshaniswa nokulahlwa kwamanzi angcolile aqukethe i-cyanide.

3. Okubi : Ama-resin e-ion exchange adinga ukukhethwa ngokucophelela nokugcinwa. Inqubo yokuvuselela ingadinga ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali engeziwe, futhi kunengozi yokungcola kwe-resin, okunganciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo yokubuyisa i-cyanide.

Isiphetho

I-Cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile iyingozi enkulu yemvelo kanye nempilo. Ukuqonda izindlela zobuthi kanye nokusebenzisa izinqubo zokwelashwa ezifanele kubalulekile. Indlela ngayinye yokwelapha, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi eyamanzi angcolile aphezulu - noma aphansi, inesethi yayo yezinzuzo kanye nokubi. Ukukhethwa kwendlela yokwelapha kuncike ezintweni ezehlukene njengokugxilwa kwe-cyanide yokuqala, ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa okudingekayo, izindleko - ukusebenza kahle, kanye nomthelela wendawo. Ngokuzayo, ucwaningo olwengeziwe nokuthuthukiswa kuyadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinqubo zokwelashwa ezikhona futhi kuthuthukiswe izindlela ezintsha, ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, futhi ezibizayo - eziphumelelayo zokwelapha i-cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile ukuze kuqinisekiswe indawo ehlanzekile nephephile.