Iindlela zokucocwa kwaManzi amdaka aneCyanide kunye neeNkqubo ezisuka kwiTailings yeCyanide

Kwishishini lemigodi, ukutsalwa kweentsimbi ezixabisekileyo kudla ngokubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwe i-cyanide, eyenza isixa esibalulekileyo samanzi amdaka anecyanide ukusuka iintsila zecyanide. La manzi amdaka anetyhefu kakhulu kwaye ayingozi enkulu kwindalo esingqongileyo nakwimpilo yabantu ukuba akaphathwanga kakuhle. Ke ngoko, iindlela zonyango ezisebenzayo kunye neenkqubo zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni uphuhliso oluzinzileyo kwicandelo lezemigodi. Eli nqaku liza kwazisa ngokubanzi iindlela zonyango kunye neenkqubo zamanzi amdaka aqukethe i-cyanide ukusuka kwimisila ye-cyanide.

1. Ukubaluleka kokuSetyenziswa kwaManzi amdaka aneCyanide asuka kwiTailings yeCyanide

I-Cyanide yinto enetyhefu kakhulu enokuthintela ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kweeseli ze-enzymes zokuphefumla, ezikhokelela ekufeni kweeseli. Nakwiqondo eliphantsi, i-cyanide inokuba yingozi kakhulu kwizinto eziphila emanzini, iphazamise ulungelelwaniso lwendalo lwemithombo yamanzi. Ukuba amanzi amdaka anecyanide angena emhlabeni okanye kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba, anokonakalisa imithombo yamanzi abalulekileyo ekuseleni kwabantu kunye nokunkcenkceshela kwezolimo, nto leyo ebeka emngciphekweni impilo yabantu kunye nemveliso yezolimo. Ukucocwa ngokungqongqo la manzi amdaka akuyomfuneko kuphela kwimigaqo yokhuseleko lwendalo esingqongileyo kodwa nomlinganiselo oyimfuneko wokusebenza ngokuzinzileyo kwamashishini emigodi.

2. Iindlela zonyango eziqhelekileyo

2.1 I-Chemical Oxidation

• Ukufakwa kweChlorine kwi-Oxidation : Le yenye yezona ndlela zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-chemical oxidation. Ii-reagents ezisekelwe kwi-chlorine, ezifana ne-sodium hypochlorite kunye ne-calcium hypochlorite, zongezwa emanzini amdaka. I-Chlorine isabela kunye nee-ion ze-cyanide ukuze i-oxide ibe yi-cyanate engenabungozi kuqala, ize emva koko i-oxide ngakumbi kwi- Carbon dioxide, i-nitrogen, kunye nezinye izinto ezingenabungozi. Inkqubo yokusabela ikhawuleza, kodwa kufuneka ilawule idosi ye-oxidant ngokuchanekileyo ukuze kuthintelwe ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwe-chlorine kunye nokuveliswa kweemveliso eziyingozi.

• Ukuxinana kwe-Ozone : I-Ozone ineempawu ezinamandla zokuxinana. Xa isetyenziselwa ukunyanga amanzi amdaka ane-cyanide, i-ozone inokusabela ngokuthe ngqo kwi-cyanide ukuze iyibolise ibe zizinto ezingenabungozi. Ukuxinana kwe-Ozone kuneengenelo zokungangcolisi okwesibini kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-oxidation. Nangona kunjalo, iindleko zayo zotyalo-mali ziphezulu, kwaye imveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-ozone kufuna iimeko ezingqongqo zokusebenza.

• I-Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation : I-hydrogen peroxide inokuyinyibilikisa i-cyanide phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Idla ngokusetyenziswa kunye nee-catalysts, ezifana neetyuwa zesinyithi, ukuphucula izinga le-oxidation. Le ndlela inobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo, kodwa ixesha lokusabela linokuba lide, kwaye ukukhethwa kwee-catalysts ezifanelekileyo kunye neemeko zokusabela kubalulekile ukuze unyango lusebenze kakuhle.

2.2 Unyango lwebhayoloji

Iindlela zonyango lwebhayoloji zisebenzisa ii-microorganisms ukuthotywa kwe-cyanide. Ezinye iibhaktheriya ezithile zinokusebenzisa i-cyanide njengomthombo wekhabhoni kunye nomthombo wenitrogen wokukhula kunye nemetabolism. Kwinkqubo yonyango lwebhayoloji, amanzi amdaka kufuneka acocwe kwangaphambili ukuze asuse izinto ezinobungozi kwi-microorganisms, kwaye emva koko amanzi amdaka angeniswa kwinkqubo yonyango yebhayoloji, efana nenkqubo yodaka esebenzayo okanye i-biofilm reactor. Indawo efanelekileyo yokukhula kwe-microorganisms, kubandakanywa ubushushu, ixabiso le-pH, i-oksijini echithiweyo, njl., kufuneka igcinwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe umsebenzi wabo kunye nokuthotywa kwe-cyanide. Unyango lwebhayoloji lunoncedo lweendleko eziphantsi kunye nongcoliseko olungephi lwesibini, kodwa lunovelwano ngakumbi kumgangatho wamanzi amdaka kwaye lufuna umjikelo wonyango omde.

2.3 Iindlela zePhysical-Chemical

• I-Ion Exchange : Ii-ion exchange resins ezinemisebenzi ethile zinokufunxa ii-ion ze-cyanide emanzini amdaka ngokukhetha. Ezi resins zinamaqela asebenzayo anokusebenzisana nee-ion ze-cyanide. Emva kokuba ii-resins zizaliswe zii-ion ze-cyanide, zinokuvuselelwa zii-arhente zokuvuselela ezifanelekileyo, kwaye ii-ion ze-cyanide zinokufunyanwa okanye zinyangwe ngakumbi. I-ion exchange inokukhetha okuphezulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle konyango, kodwa ixabiso lee-resins kunye nee-agent zokuvuselela kufuneka liqwalaselwe, kwaye unyango lwenkunkuma yokuvuselela nalo lufuna ingqalelo.

• Ukwahlulwa kweMembrane : Iitekhnoloji zokwahlulwa kweMembrane, ezifana ne-osmosis ebuyela umva kunye ne-nanofiltration, zinokwahlula ii-ion ze-cyanide kumanzi amdaka ngokusebenzisa ukuvuleka okukhethiweyo kwe-membrane. Le ndlela inokususa ngempumelelo i-cyanide kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo, kwaye umgangatho wamanzi acociweyo ulungile. Nangona kunjalo, ukwahlulwa kwe-membrane kunokubangela iingxaki zokungcolisa i-membrane, ezifuna ukucocwa rhoqo kunye nokugcinwa kwe-membrane, okunyusa iindleko zokusebenza.

3. Inkqubo yoNyango Jikelele

3.1 Unyango lwangaphambili

Phambi konyango olusesikweni, amanzi amdaka anecyanide asuka kwiintsila zecyanide kufuneka acocwe kwangaphambili. Eli nyathelo ikakhulu libandakanya ukususa izinto eziqinileyo ezinkulu ezinqunyanyisiweyo, ukulungelelanisa ixabiso le-pH yamanzi amdaka, kunye nokungasebenzi kwezinye izinto ezinokuphazamisa iinkqubo zonyango ezilandelayo. Ngokomzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kweetanki ze-sedimentation kunokususa izinto eziqinileyo ezimisiweyo, kwaye ukongeza i-asidi efanelekileyo okanye i-alkali inokulungelelanisa ixabiso le-pH yamanzi amdaka kuluhlu olufanelekileyo lonyango olulandelayo.

3.2 Unyango olungundoqo

Ngokwendlela yonyango ekhethiweyo, amanzi amdaka afakwe ngaphambili angena kwinqanaba eliphambili lonyango. Ukuba usebenzisa i-oxidation yeekhemikhali, i-oxidant ehambelanayo yongezwa ngokwedosi ebalwayo, kwaye ukusabela kuqhutyelwa kwitanki yokusabela kunye nokuvuselela okufanelekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukudibana okwaneleyo phakathi kwe-oxidant kunye ne-cyanide. Kwimeko yonyango lwebhayoloji, amanzi amdaka angeniswa kwisixhobo sonyango lwebhayoloji, kwaye iiparamitha zokusebenza kwesixhobo zihlengahlengiswa ukuze kugcinwe indawo yokukhula eyona nto ilungileyo ye-microorganisms. Kwiindlela zemichiza yenyama, amanzi amdaka adlula kwiikholamu zokutshintshiselana kwe-ion okanye izixhobo zokwahlula i-membrane ukufezekisa ukwahlula kunye nokususwa kwe-cyanide.

3.3 Emva konyango

Emva konyango oluphambili, ukunyangwa emva konyango kuyadingeka ukuqhubela phambili ukuhlanjululwa kwamanzi ahlambulukileyo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba ihlangabezana nemigangatho yokukhupha. Unyango lwasemva konyango lunokubandakanya iinkqubo ezinjengokususwa ngakumbi kwezingcolisi zomkhondo ezishiyekileyo, uhlengahlengiso lwezalathi zomgangatho wamanzi (ezifana nohlengahlengiso lwe-pH kwakhona, ukuncitshiswa kwemfuno ye-oksijini yeekhemikhali), kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane. Amanzi acociweyo kufuneka athathwe iisampulu kwaye avavanywe rhoqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho wawo uyahlangabezana neemfuno ezifanelekileyo zokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo.

4. IiNgqwalasela eziPhambili kunye neeNdlela zexesha elizayo

Ngethuba lenkqubo yokonyango, kuyimfuneko ukubeka ingqalelo ekukhuseleni kwabaqhubi ukukhusela ubuthi be-cyanide. Ngelo xesha, ukhetho lweendlela zonyango kunye neenkqubo kufuneka ziqwalasele ngokubanzi izinto ezifana neendleko zonyango, ukusebenza kakuhle kwonyango, kunye nefuthe lokusingqongileyo. Kwixesha elizayo, ngokuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kweemfuno zokhuseleko lwendalo esingqongileyo, uphando kunye nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji yokucoca amanzi amdaka ephantsi kakhulu, ehambelana nendalo, kunye ne-cyanide enexabiso eliphantsi iya kuba yindlela yophuhliso. Ngokomzekelo, ukudityaniswa kweendlela ezininzi zonyango, ukuphuhliswa kwee-catalysts ezintsha kunye nezixhobo ze-chemical oxidation, kunye nokulungiswa kweenkqubo zonyango lwebhayoloji ukuphucula ukuthotywa kwe-cyanide.

Ukuqukumbela, unyango lwamanzi amdaka ane-cyanide asuka kwi-cyanide tailings ngumsebenzi onzima kodwa oyimfuneko. Ngokuqonda nokusebenzisa iindlela ezifanelekileyo zonyango kunye neenkqubo, kwaye ngokuqhubekayo sihlola kwaye sivelisa izinto ezintsha, sinokuyicombulula ngempumelelo ingxaki yongcoliseko lwe-cyanide, sikhusele imo engqongileyo yendalo, kwaye sikhuthaze uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lweshishini lezimayini.