Iindlela kunye neeNkqubo zokuSusa iCyanide kumphezulu weSulfida Ores

1. intshayelelo

Kwintsimi yesinyithi, ngokukodwa kwi-extraction yegolide kunye ne-sulfide ore processing, ubukho be benqanda phezu komphezulu we Sulfide Ores ibeka imingeni ebalulekileyo. I-Cyanide isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwinkqubo ye-cyanidation leaching yokukhutshwa kwegolide ngenxa yokukwazi ukwenza ii-complexes ngegolide, iququzelele ukuchithwa kwayo. Noko ke, emva kwenkqubo leaching, eseleyo i-cyanide kumphezulu ores sulfide kwi iintsalela ukukhokelela kungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo kuphela kodwa kwakhona inqanda ukuzuzwa okulandelayo kweeminerali sulfide, ukunciphisa ireyithi ukubuyiswa ngokubanzi kweentsimbi ezixabisekileyo. Ke ngoko, ukuphuhlisa iindlela ezisebenzayo zokususa i-cyanide kumphezulu we-sulfide ores kubalulekile ekuqhubeni izimbiwa ezizinzileyo kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo.

2. Iingxaki esele zikhona ngeCyanide kwiSulfide Ore Surfaces

2.1 Impembelelo yokusingqongileyo

I-Cyanide yinto enetyhefu kakhulu. Xa i-sulfide ores ene-surface-adsorbed cyanide ikhutshelwa kokusingqongileyo, i-cyanide inokuphuma ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye ingcolise umhlaba, imithombo yamanzi kunye nomoya. Nakwiqondo eliphantsi, icyanide inokuba yingozi kakhulu kwizinto eziphila emanzini, kwizityalo nakwimpilo yabantu. Ngokomzekelo, kwezinye iindawo zemigodi apho ukulahlwa okungafanelekanga kwe-cyanide-equlethe iintsalela zenzeke, imizimba yamanzi ekufutshane ibonise ukwehla okukhulu kwi-oksijini enyibilikayo, okukhokelela ekufeni kweentlanzi kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.

2.2 Ukuthintelwa kweSulfide Mineral Beneficiation

I-cyanide adsorbed phezu kwe-sulfide ores, njenge-pyrite, i-chalcopyrite, kunye ne-sphalerite, inokwenza ifilimu ye-passivation kwi-mineral surface. Le filimu inciphisa ukusebenza kwakhona kweeminerali ze-sulfide ngexesha le-flotation elandelayo okanye ezinye iinkqubo zokuzuza. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-flotation yobhedu-ethwele i-sulfide ores, ubukho be-cyanide kumphezulu we-chalcopyrite bunokunciphisa ukusebenzisana kwayo nabaqokeleli, okwenza kube nzima ukwahlula iiminerali zobhedu kwiiminerali ze-ganggue ngokufanelekileyo, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswe ibakala kunye nokubuyisela izinga lokugxila kobhedu.

3. Iindlela zokuSusa iCyanide kumphezulu weSulfida Ores

3.1 Indlela yokuVuselela iAcid

3.1.1 Umgaqo

Indlela yokuvula iasidi ikakhulu isebenzisa iiasidi ezifana ne-asidi yesulfuric okanye i-oxalic acid ukusabela necyanide - equlathe iikhompawundi kumphezulu wentsimbi yesulfide. Xa i-asidi yongezwa, ibangela ukubola kwe-cyanide - i-metal complexes. Ngenxa yoko, igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide yenziwa. Kodwa kwinkqubo eyilwe kakuhle, le hydrogen cyanide iguquguqukayo inokufunyanwa kwaye isetyenziswe kwakhona ngeendlela ezifanelekileyo zokufunxa.

3.1.2 Amanyathelo eNkqubo

1. Ukulungiselela i-Ore Pulp: Okokuqala, xuba iintsalela ze-sulfide ore kunye nomphezulu-adsorbed cyanide kunye namanzi ukwenza ipulp yentsimbi efanayo. Umlinganiselo oqinileyo wolwelo lwentsimbi ekrwada udla ngokulungelelaniswa ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu zentsimbi ekrwada kunye neemfuno zenkqubo ethile, ngokwesiqhelo phakathi koluhlu lwe-1:2 - 1:5.

2. Ukongezwa kweAcid: Yongeza kancinane iasidi yesulfuric okanye i-oxalic acid kwi-pulp ore ngelixa ushukumisa ngokuqhubekayo. Ubungakanani be-asidi eyongeziweyo kufuneka ilawulwe ngononophelo ngokomxholo we-cyanide kwi-pulp ore. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ixabiso le-pH ye-pulp ye-ore ilungelelaniswe kwi-2 - 4. kwaye i-pH kufuneka ibekwe iliso ngexesha langempela kusetyenziswa imitha ye-pH ngexesha lokudibanisa.

3. Ukusabela kunye noNyango lweGesi: Emva kokongeza i-asidi, vumela ukusabela kuqhubeke malunga ne-1 - 3 iiyure. Ngeli xesha, kuveliswa igesi yehydrogen cyanide. Ukuthintela le gesi ekungcoliseni indalo, i-gas - collection and - treatment system is set up. Igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide eyenziwe iqondiswe kwinqaba yokufunxa egcwele isisombululo se-alkaline, njengesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide. Apha, i-hydrogen cyanide isabela kunye ne-sodium hydroxide, kwaye ifunyenwe Isodium cyanide isisombululo sinokuphinda sisetyenziswe kwinkqubo ye-cyanidation ukuba umgangatho wayo uhlangabezana neemfuno.

3.1.3 Izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo

• eziluncedo: Le ndlela ithe ngqo kwimigaqo kunye nokusebenza. Iyakwazi ukwaphula ngokufanelekileyo i-cyanide - equlethe iikhompawundi kumphezulu we-sulfide ores kwaye inamandla okuhlaziya i-cyanide, ukunciphisa iindleko ezipheleleyo zokusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide kwinkqubo yokwemba.

• nezingeloncedo: Kukho imingcipheko ebalulekileyo yokhuseleko ebandakanyekayo. Irhasi yeHydrogen cyanide inetyhefu kakhulu, kwaye nakuphi na ukuvuza ngexesha lokusabela kunokubangela ingozi enkulu kubasebenzi nakwimekobume. Ukongezelela, iiasidi ezisetyenziswa kule ndlela zinokonakala, ezinokusonakalisa izixhobo kunye nemibhobho, ukwandisa iindleko zokuzilungisa kunye nokwenza bufutshane ubomi besixhobo.

3.2 Indlela yokuSebenzisa i-Oxidant

3.2.1 Umgaqo

Ii-oxidants ezifana ne-hydrogen peroxide, i-potassium permanganate, kunye ne-ozone zisetyenziselwa ukukhupha i-cyanide kumphezulu we-sulfide ores. Ezi oxidants zaphula imixokelelwane yemichiza yeekhompawundi zecyanide, ziguqula icyanide ibe zizinto ezingenatyhefu ngokwentelekiso njengerhasi yenitrogen kunye neekhabhonathi.

3.2.2 Amanyathelo eNkqubo

1. Ukulungiselela i-Ore Pulp: Ngokufanayo nendlela yokwenza iasidi isebenze, lungisa iintsalela zesulfide ore zibe yintlaka yentsimbi enomlinganiselo oqinileyo oqinileyo.

2. Ukongezwa kweOxidant: Yongeza i-oxidant ekhethiweyo kwi-pulp ye-ore. Ubungakanani be-oxidant eyongeziweyo buxhomekeke kumxholo we-cyanide kwi-pulp ye-ore kunye ne-oxidant's oxidation potential. Umzekelo, xa usebenzisa i-hydrogen peroxide, umthamo udla ngokuba yi-1 - 5 kg ngetoni nganye ye-ore pulp, ngelixa i-potassium permanganate ikholisa ukongeza kwi-0.5 - 2 kg ngetoni ye-ore pulp. Ukongezwa kufuneka kwenziwe ngokucothayo ngokuvuselela rhoqo ukuqinisekisa ngokulinganayo ukuxuba.

3. Ukusabela kunye nokuBeka iliso: Vumela i-oxidant ukuba isebenze kunye ne-cyanide kwi-pulp ye-ore iiyure ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-4. Ngexesha lokuphendula, jonga i-oxidation - ukunciphisa amandla kunye nomxholo we-cyanide kwi-pulp ye-ore. I-oxidation - ukunciphisa ixabiso elinokuthi libonise inkqubela phambili ye-oxidation reaction. Xa ixabiso lizinzile kwaye umxholo we-cyanide kwi-pulp ye-ore udibana nomgangatho ofunekayo (ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphantsi kwe-0.5 mg / L), ukusabela kuthathwa njengokupheleleyo.

3.2.3 Izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo

• eziluncedo: Le ndlela ayivelisi iigesi eziyityhefu kunye neziguquguqukayo njengendlela yokuvula iasidi, iyenza ikhuseleke kwindawo yokusebenza. Iyakwazi i-oxidize ngokufanelekileyo kwaye idibanise i-cyanide, ifezekise injongo yokususa i-cyanide ebusweni be-sulfide ores. Ngaphezu koko, iimveliso zokusabela zihambelana nokusingqongileyo.

• nezingeloncedo: Iindleko zee-oxidants ziphezulu kakhulu, ngakumbi kwii-oxidants ezinamandla njenge-ozone, ezonyusa iindleko zokusetyenzwa kwe-sulfide ores. Ukongeza, ukusabela kwe-oxidation kuphenjelelwa lula zizinto ezifana nexabiso le-pH ye-ore pulp, ubushushu, kunye nobukho bobunye ukungcola, kufuna ulawulo olungqongqo lweemeko zokusabela.

3.3 Indlela yeTyuwa yeKopolo

3.3.1 Umgaqo

Iityuwa zobhedu, ezifana ne-sulfate yobhedu, zongezwa kwi-pulp ye-sulfide ore kunye nomphezulu - i-adsorbed cyanide. Iiyoni zobhedu zidibana necyanide zenze ubhedu olunganyibilikiyo - icyanide complexes. Ezi complexes zinokwahlulwa kwipulp ye-ore ngokusebenzisa iindlela eziqinileyo - zokwahlula ulwelo, ngaloo ndlela kufezekiswa ukususwa kwecyanide.

3.3.2 Amanyathelo eNkqubo

1. Ukulungiselela i-Ore Pulp: Lungisa iintsalela zesulfide ore zibe yintlaka yentsimbi ekrwada enomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo oqinileyo-ulwelo.

2. Ukongezwa kweTyuwa yobhedu: Yongeza umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wesulfate yobhedu kwintlama yentsimbi. Ubuninzi besulfate yobhedu eyongeziweyo bumiselwa ngumxholo wecyanide kwipulp yeore, ngokubanzi kunye nomlinganiselo wemolar yeeoni zobhedu ukuya kwiioni yecyanide ye-1 - 2:1. I-sulfate ye-Copper idla ngokudibaniswa njengesisombululo esinamanzi, kwaye inkqubo yokongeza kufuneka ihambisane nokuvuselela okuqhubekayo ukuqinisekisa ukusasazwa ngokulinganayo kweeyoni zethusi kwi-pulp ore.

3. Ukusabela kunye nokuQinisekile - Ukwahlulwa kolwelo: Emva kokufaka ityuwa yobhedu, vumela ukusabela kuqhubeke kwi-1 - 2 iiyure. Emva koko, yenza okuqinileyo - ukwahlula kolwelo kwintlama yentsimbi ekrwada usebenzisa iindlela ezinje ngokucoca okanye intlenga. Isiqina esahluliweyo siqulethe i-copper - cyanide precipitates kunye neeminerali zesulfide, ngelixa ulwelo olwahluliweyo lunokusetyenzwa ngakumbi ukuhlangabezana nomgangatho wokukhutshelwa okanye lugaywe kwakhona ngeenjongo ezizezinye.

3.3.3 Izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo

• eziluncedo: Le ndlela inokususa ngokufanelekileyo i-cyanide kumphezulu we-sulfide ores ngokwenza i-insoluble precipitates. Inkqubo yokusebenza ilula, kwaye i-copper sulfate yinto eqhelekileyo kwaye ingabizi kakhulu i-reagent yekhemikhali, enika izibonelelo ezithile zoqoqosho.

• nezingeloncedo: Ukongeza iityuwa zobhedu kunokungenisa ukungcola kobhedu kwi-pulp ye-ore, enokuchaphazela ukuxhamla okulandelayo kweeminerali ze-sulfide. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-flotation yelothe - i-zinc sulfide ores, i-ion yobhedu eninzi ingenza i-sphalerite isebenze, iphazamise ukuhlukana kwe-lead kunye ne-zinc minerals. Ukongeza, ubhedu olwahlukileyo - i-cyanide precipitates kufuneka ilahlwe ngokufanelekileyo ukuthintela ungcoliseko lwesibini.

3.4 Indlela entsha ye-Reagent eDityanisiweyo

3.4.1 Umgaqo

Ezinye ii-reagents ezidibeneyo ezisanda kuphuhliswa, njengendibaniselwano ye-polysulfides kunye ne-sodium metabisulfite, ziyasetyenziswa. I-polysulfides isabela nge-sulfure - equkethe amacandelo kwi-cyanide - equlethe i-compounds ebusweni be-sulfide ores, ngelixa i-sodium metabisulfite ilungisa amandla e-redox yenkqubo kwaye ikhuthaza ukubola kwe-cyanide, ngaloo ndlela iququzelele ukususwa kwayo.

3.4.2 Amanyathelo eNkqubo

1. Ukulungiselela i-Ore Pulp: Lungisa iintsalela zesulfide ore zibe yintlaka yentsimbi.

2. Ukongezwa kweReagent ehlanganisiweyo: Yongeza i-reagent edibeneyo equkethe i-polysulfides kunye ne-sodium metabisulfite kwi-pulp ye-ore. Umlinganiselo wobunzima be-polysulfides ukuya kwi-sodium metabisulfite ngokuqhelekileyo ngu-1: 1. kunye nomthamo we-reagent edibeneyo eyongeziweyo imiselwe ngokusekelwe kumxholo we-cyanide kwi-pulp ye-ore kunye nohlobo lwe-sulfide ore, ngokubanzi ukusuka kwi-0.5 - 2 kg ngetoni nganye ye-pulp ore.

3. Ukusabela kunye nokuBeka iliso: Emva kokongeza i-reagent edibeneyo, vumela ukusabela kuqhubeke iiyure ezi-1 ukuya kwezi-3. Ngexesha lokuphendula, jonga umxholo wecyanide kunye neeparamitha zekhemikhali ezifanelekileyo, ezifana ne-redox enokwenzeka kunye nexabiso le-pH, kwi-pulp ye-ore. Lungisa iimeko zokusabela ngokukhawuleza ngokweziphumo zokubeka iliso ukuqinisekisa ukususwa ngokupheleleyo kwe-cyanide.

3.4.3 Izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo

• eziluncedo: Le ndlela ibonisa ukuguquguquka okulungileyo kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo ze-sulfide ores. I-reagent composite isebenza ngokubambisana ukuze isuse ngokufanelekileyo i-cyanide kumphezulu we-sulfide ores. Xa kuthelekiswa neendlela ezisebenza ngokuphinda-phindeneyo, inokubonelela ngobuchule obungcono bokususa kwaye ibe nefuthe elincinane kwinzuzo elandelayo yeeminerali zesulfide.

• nezingeloncedo: Uphuhliso kunye nokuveliswa kweerejenti ezihlanganisiweyo zintsokothile, kwaye iindleko zinokuba phezulu kunezinye iindlela zemveli eziphinda zisebenze. Ngaphezu koko, indlela yokusabela ethile yeerejenti ezihlanganisiweyo ayikaqondwa ngokupheleleyo, enokuthi ivelise ukungaqiniseki kwizicelo zemizi-mveliso.

4. UPhuculo lweNkqubo kunye neNgqwalasela

4.1 Ukuphathwa Kwangaphambili Kweentsimbi

Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa nayiphi na indlela yokususa i-cyanide kumphezulu we-sulfide ores, ukulungiswa okufanelekileyo kwe-ore kudla ngokuyimfuneko. Umzekelo, ukuba i-sulfide ore tailings iqulethe isixa esikhulu se-fine - grained gangue minerals, ukuhlolwa kwangaphambili okanye ukuhlelwa kwemisebenzi kunokuqhutywa ukususa amaqhezu anzima-ukunyanga. Oku kunokonyusa ukusebenza kakuhle koqhagamshelwano phakathi kwe-reagent kunye neeminerali zesulfide ngomphezulu-adsorbed cyanide kunye nokunciphisa uphazamiseko lweminerali ye-ganggue kwinkqubo yokusabela.

4.2 Ulawulo lweemeko zokusabela

• Ixabiso le-pH: Ixabiso le-pH le-pulp ye-ore lichaphazela kakhulu inkqubo yokusabela. Indlela yokwenza i-asidi isebenze idinga i-pH ephantsi ukukhuthaza ukubola kwe-cyanide - equlethe iikhompawundi, ngelixa indlela yokuvuselela i-oxidant kunye nendlela yobhedu yetyuwa kufuneka igcine uluhlu lwe-pH olufanelekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, xa usebenzisa i-hydrogen peroxide njenge-oxidant, ixabiso le-pH elichanekileyo le-pulp ye-ore lihlala li-8 - 10. kwaye xa usebenzisa i-copper sulfate, ixabiso le-pH ye-pulp ye-ore ilawulwa ngokubanzi kwi-6 - 8.

• iqondo lobushushu: Ubushushu bokusabela buchaphazela izinga lokusabela kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukwandisa ubushushu kunokukhawulezisa izinga lokusabela. Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iintshukumo, ezifana ne-oxidation ye-cyanide nge-hydrogen peroxide, ubushushu obuphezulu kakhulu bunokubangela ukuba i-oxidant ibole, ukunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-oxidation. Ke ngoko, ubushushu bokusabela kufuneka buphuculwe ngokwenkqubo ethile yokusabela, ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphakathi koluhlu lwe-20 - 40 °C.

• Ukuvuselela Amandla: Ukuvuselela okwaneleyo kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukusabalalisa ngokulinganayo kwee-reagents kwi-pulp ye-ore kunye nokwandisa amathuba oqhagamshelwano phakathi kwe-reagent kunye ne-cyanide - equlethe izinto eziphezu kwe-sulfide ores. Nangona kunjalo, ukuvuselela ngokugqithisileyo kunokukhokelela ekusebenziseni amandla ngokungeyomfuneko kunye nokuguga kwezixhobo zokusebenza. Ugxininiso olufanelekileyo kufuneka lumiselwe ngophando lovavanyo kunye namava emveliso ebonakalayo.

4.3 Okuqinileyo-Ukwahlulwa kolwelo kunye nokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka

Emva kokusabela ukususa i-cyanide kumphezulu we-sulfide ores, okuqinileyo okuqinileyo - ukwahlula ulwelo kuyafuneka ukwahlula iiminerali zesulfide eziphathwayo kwisisombululo sokusabela. Iindlela eziqhele ukusetyenziswa eziqinileyo - iindlela zokwahlula ulwelo ziquka ukuhluzwa, intlenga, kunye necentrifugation. Amanzi amdaka ahlukanisiweyo ahlala equlethe intsalela yecyanide kunye nobunye ukungcola, ekufuneka icocwe ngakumbi ukuhlangabezana nomgangatho wokukhutshelwa. Iinkqubo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka zingabandakanya iindlela ezifana ne-oxidation eyongezelelweyo, i-adsorption, kunye nonyango lwebhayoloji.

5. Imizekelo

5.1 Ukusetyenziswa kweNdlela yokuVuselelwa kweAcidi kuMgodi weGolide

Kumgodi othile wegolide, emva kwenkqubo ye-cyanidation leaching, i-sulfide ore tailings yayinomlinganiselo othile womphezulu - i-cyanide ye-adsorbed. Umgodi wasebenzisa indlela yokuvula iasidi kunyango. Okokuqala, ii-tailings zenziwe kwi-pulp ye-ore kunye nomlinganiselo oqinileyo-ulwelo we-1: 3. Emva koko, i-asidi ye-sulfuric yongezwa ukulungelelanisa ixabiso le-pH ye-ore pulp kwi-3. Emva kokusabela kwiiyure ze-2, i-hydrogen cyanide gas eyenziwe yaqokelelwa kwaye yaxutywa ngesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide. Emva kokonyango, umxholo we-cyanide kwi-pulp ye-ore yehla ukusuka kwi-5 mg / L ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-0.5 mg / L, kwaye isantya esilandelayo sokubuyisela i-flotation yamaminerali e-sulfide yanda malunga ne-10%. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha lokusebenza, ukuvuza kwegesi ye-hydrogen cyanide kubeka imingcipheko yokhuseleko kwindawo yokusebenza, kwaye imibhobho yezixhobo iye yafumana umhlwa ombi kakhulu.

5.2 Indlela yokuSebenzisa i-Oxidant kuMgodi we-Polymetallic sulfide ore

Umgodi we-polymetallic sulfide ore wasebenzisa i-hydrogen peroxide njenge-oxidant ukususa i-cyanide kumphezulu we-sulfide ores. Ixabiso le-pH yentsimbi ekrwada yalungelelaniswa kuqala ukuya kwi-9. kwaye emva koko i-hydrogen peroxide yongezwa kumthamo we-3 kg ngetoni nganye yentlama yentsimbi. Emva kokusabela kwiiyure ze-3, umxholo we-cyanide kwi-pulp ore wancitshiswa ukuya kwinqanaba eliphantsi kakhulu. Inzuzo elandelayo yobhedu, i-lead, kunye ne-zinc sulfide minerals ayizange ichaphazeleke yi-cyanide eseleyo, kwaye isantya sokubuyisela isinyithi siphuculwe. Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso eliphezulu lehydrogen peroxide likhokelele ekwenyukeni kweendleko zokusetyenzwa kwentsimbi ekrwada malunga ne-$5 ngetoni nganye.

6. Isiphelo

Ukususa i-cyanide kumphezulu we-sulfide ores ngumsebenzi obalulekileyo kwinkalo yokulungiswa kwezimbiwa. Indlela yokwenza i-asidi isebenze, indlela yokwenza i-oxidant isebenze, indlela yetyuwa yobhedu, kunye nendlela entsha ye-reagent ehlanganisiweyo nganye ineenzuzo zayo kunye nokungalunganga. Kwizicelo zemizi-mveliso, kuyafuneka ukuba kuqwalaselwe ngokubanzi izinto ezifana nobume be-sulfide ores, iimfuno zokukhuselwa kwendalo, kunye neendleko zoqoqosho ukukhetha eyona ndlela ifanelekileyo. Okwangoku, ngokuphucula iimeko zenkqubo, ukulungiswa kwangaphambili kwee-ores, kunye nokuphatha ngokufanelekileyo okuqinileyo - ukwahlulwa kolwelo kunye nokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka, ukusebenza kakuhle kokususa i-cyanide kumphezulu we-sulfide ores kunokwandiswa ngakumbi, ukufezekisa iinjongo zokubuyisela ubutyebi kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo.