Iindlela zoNyango lweCyanide-Equlathe Amanzi amdaka enziwa ngamayeza

intshayelelo

Ngenxa yophuhliso olukhawulezileyo lweshishini leyeza, unyango lwamanzi amdaka ane- cyanide lube yingxaki ebalulekileyo kwicandelo lokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo. I-Cyanide yinto enobungozi kakhulu, kwaye nokuba incinci yayo inokubangela ingozi enkulu kwimpilo yabantu nakwindalo esingqongileyo. Ukukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka ane-cyanide ngaphandle konyango olufanelekileyo kuya kuba yingozi enkulu kwimithombo yamanzi, kwizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, nakwindalo yonke. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa iindlela zonyango ezisebenzayo ukunciphisa umxholo we-cyanide emanzini amdaka aneyeza ukuya kwinqanaba elamkelekileyo.

Imithombo kunye neeNgozi zeCyanide kuManzi amdaka awenziwe ngamayeza

imithombo

I-Cyanide isetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezithile zokwenziwa kwamayeza. Ngokomzekelo, ekuveliseni amachiza athile, i-cyanide-equlethe iikhompawundi ingasetyenziswa njengezinto ezikrwada okanye i-reaction intermediates. Ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa, i-cyanide iya kungena ngokuqinisekileyo kumanzi amdaka, okubangela ukuveliswa kwe-cyanide - equlethe amanzi amdaka amayeza.

Iingozi

1. Ubuthi ebantwini : I-Cyanide inokuthintela umsebenzi we-cytochrome oxidase emzimbeni womntu, ithintele ukudluliselwa okuqhelekileyo kwee-electron kwikhonkco lokuphefumla, kwaye ekugqibeleni ikhokelele kwi-hypoxia yezicubu. Kwiimeko ezinzima, inokubangela ukufa ngokukhawuleza. Nokuba ukuvezwa ixesha elide kwi-cyanide enomlinganiselo omncinci kunokubangela ubuthi obungapheliyo, okuchaphazela inkqubo yemithambo-luvo, inkqubo yentliziyo, kunye neminye imisebenzi yomzimba.

2. Ubungozi kwi-Ecosystem : Kwindawo ehlala emanzini, i-cyanide inobungozi kakhulu kwiintlanzi nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Ingonakalisa iigill kunye neenkqubo zemithambo-luvo zezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, inciphise amandla azo okuphefumla nokusinda. Ngaphezu koko, ngekhonkco lokutya, i-cyanide inokuqokelelwa kwaye ikhuliswe, ibe yingozi kwizinto eziphilayo ezikumgangatho ophezulu kwikhonkco lokutya.

Iindlela zoNyango oluQhelekileyo lweCyanide-Equlathe Amanzi amdaka axutywa ngamayeza

Indlela ye-Chemical Oxidation

1.I-Alkaline Chlorination

• Umgaqo : Phantsi kweemeko ze-alkaline (ngesiqhelo i-pH = 10 - 11), ii-oxidants ezine-chlorine ezifana negesi ye-chlorine okanye i-sodium hypochlorite zongezwa emanzini amdaka. I-Cyanide iqala ngokwenziwa i-cyanate, ize igqitywe ngakumbi ibe yi -Carbon dioxide kunye negesi ye-nitrogen.

• Iingenelo : Le ndlela inembali ende yokusetyenziswa kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu. Isiphumo sonyango sizinzile, kwaye sinokunciphisa ngempumelelo umxholo we-cyanide emanzini amdaka. Izixhobo ezifunekayo zilula, kwaye umsebenzi kulula ukuwulawula.

• Iingxaki : Ii-oxidants ezine-chlorine zinokusabela kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo emanzini amdaka ukuze zenze iimveliso ezinobungozi ezifana nee-trihalomethanes, ezibangela umhlaza kunye ne-mutagenic. Ukongeza, idosi yee-oxidants kufuneka ilawulwe ngokuchanekileyo. Ukuba ubungakanani bukhulu kakhulu, buza kubangela ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kweekhemikhali kwaye bonyuse iindleko zonyango; ukuba ubungakanani bukhulu kakhulu, umphumo wonyango awuyi kuba mhle.

1.I-Ozone Oxidation

• Umgaqo : I-Ozone yi-oxidant enamandla. Kwinkqubo yokunyanga amanzi amdaka, i-ozone inokusabela ngokuthe ngqo kwi-cyanide, iphule unxibelelwano kwi-cyanide kwaye iyi-oxidize kwizinto ezingenabungozi ezifana ne-carbon dioxide kunye ne-nitrogen ngothotho lweempendulo ezikhululekileyo ezintsonkothileyo.

• Iingenelo : I-ozone oxidation inamandla aphezulu onyango kwaye inokubolisa ngokukhawuleza i-cyanide. Ayizisi ezinye izinto eziyingozi emanzini acociweyo, nto leyo ethintela ungcoliseko lwesibini. Kwangaxeshanye, i-ozone inokudlala indima ekubulaleni nasekususeni umbala emanzini amdaka, nto leyo ephucula umgangatho wamanzi acociweyo.

• Iingxaki : Izixhobo zokwenza i-ozone zibiza kakhulu, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kuphezulu. Ukunyibilika kwe-ozone emanzini kuphantsi kakhulu, nto leyo ethintela ukusebenza kwayo ngendlela eyiyo. Ukongeza, ukuzinza kwe-ozone akukuhle, kwaye kufuneka iveliswe kwindawo leyo, nto leyo eyonyusa ubunzima bokusebenza nolawulo lwenkqubo yonyango.

1.I-Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation

• Umgaqo : Xa kukho i-catalyst efana nee-ion zentsimbi, i-hydrogen peroxide iyabola ukuze ivelise ii-radicals ze-hydroxyl ezisabela kakhulu. Ezi radicals zinokufaka i-cyanide kwi-cyanate kuqala, zize emva koko zifake i-cyanate kwizinto ezingenabungozi.

• Iingenelo : I-hydrogen peroxide yi-oxidant ecocekileyo, kwaye iimveliso zempendulo ikakhulu ngamanzi kunye ne-oksijini, ezingayi kubangela ungcoliseko lwesibini. Inkqubo yonyango ilula, kwaye iyakwazi ukulungelelanisa utshintsho lomgangatho wamanzi amdaka.

• Iingxaki : Inkqubo ye-catalytic oxidation ifuna ulawulo olungqongqo lweemeko zokusabela ezifana nexabiso le-pH kunye ne-catalyst dosage. Ukuba iimeko azifanelekanga, ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-oxidation kuya kuncipha kakhulu. Ukongeza, ixabiso le-hydrogen peroxide liphezulu, nto leyo eya kunyusa iindleko zonyango lwamanzi amdaka.

Indlela yoNyango lwebhayoloji

1. Umgaqo : Ezinye iintsholongwane zinamandla okonakalisa i-cyanide. Phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo zokusingqongileyo ezifana nobushushu obufanelekileyo, ixabiso le-pH, kunye neoksijini enyibilikisiweyo, ezi ntsholongwane zingasebenzisa i-cyanide njengomthombo wekhabhoni okanye umthombo we-nitrogen ekukhuleni nasekusetyenzisweni kwe-metabolism, ziguqula i-cyanide ibe zizinto ezingenabungozi ezifana nekhabhoni diokside, amanzi, kunye ne-ammonia. Umzekelo, ezinye iintsholongwane kwi-genus yePseudomonas zinokubolisa i-cyanide ngothotho lwee-enzyme reactions.

2. Iingenelo : Unyango lwebhayoloji yindlela enobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo. Ayifuni zixhobo ezininzi zeekhemikhali, nto leyo enciphisa ukuveliswa kwenkunkuma yeekhemikhali. Iindleko zokusebenza ziphantsi xa zithelekiswa nezinye iindlela ze-oxidation yeekhemikhali, ngakumbi ezifanelekileyo kunyango lwamanzi amdaka ane-cyanide encinci.

3. Iingxaki : Unyango lwebhayoloji luxhomekeke kakhulu kumsebenzi wezinto ezincinci. Ukuziqhelanisa kwezinto ezincinci notshintsho lomgangatho wamanzi amdaka, njengokunyuka ngequbuliso koxinzelelo lwe-cyanide, ukuguquguquka kwexabiso le-pH, kunye nokubakho kwezinto ezinobuthi nezithintelayo, akulunganga. Ixesha lonyango lidla ngokuba lide kuneleendlela ze-chemical oxidation, kwaye kufuneka itanki enkulu yokusabela, ethatha imithombo yomhlaba engaphezulu.

Umzimba - Indlela yoNyango lweMichiza

1.Indlela yeAdsorption

• Umgaqo : Ii-Adsorbents ezifana ne -Activated Carbon , i-zeolite, kunye ne-resin zisetyenziselwa ukufunxa i-cyanide emanzini amdaka. I-activated carbon, enommandla wayo omkhulu kunye nesakhiwo sayo esityebileyo se-pore, inokufunxa i-cyanide ngeendlela zomzimba nezekhemikhali. Amaqela asebenzayo kumphezulu kwi-activated carbon anokunxibelelana nee-ion ze-cyanide ngokutsala kwe-electrostatic kunye nokubophelelana kweekhemikhali.

• Iingenelo : Indlela yokufunxa inenkqubo elula yokusebenza kwaye inokususa ngempumelelo i-cyanide enoxinzelelo oluphantsi emanzini amdaka. Ii-Adsorbents zinokuphinda zivuselelwe kwaye zisetyenziswe kwakhona kwezinye iimeko, nto leyo enciphisa iindleko zonyango. Ingadityaniswa nezinye iindlela zonyango ukuphucula ngakumbi isiphumo sonyango.

• Iingxaki : Amandla okufunxa amachiza afakwa kwi-adsorbents anqongophele. Xa i-adsorbent igcwele, kufuneka itshintshwe okanye ivuselelwe. Inkqubo yokuvuselela iyinkimbinkimbi kwaye ingafuna amandla ongezelelweyo kunye neekhemikhali. Ukongeza, ixabiso le-adsorbents ezikumgangatho ophezulu liphezulu.

1.Indlela yokwahlula iMembrane

• Umgaqo : Iitekhnoloji zokwahlulwa kwe-membrane ezifana ne-reverse osmosis, i-nanofiltration, kunye ne-ultrafiltration zingasetyenziselwa ukwahlula i-cyanide kumanzi amdaka. Ezi membrane zinokungena okukhethiweyo, okuvumela iimolekyuli zamanzi kunye nezinye izinto ezincinci ze-molecular ukuba zidlule ngelixa zigcina i-cyanide kunye nezinye izinto ezinkulu ze-molecular-weight. Umzekelo, kwinkqubo ye-reverse osmosis, phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu, amanzi adlula kwi-membrane engenela kancinci, ngelixa i-cyanide ibanjwa kwicala loxinzelelo oluphezulu.

• Iingenelo : Ukwahlulwa kwe-membrane kunokufikelela ekuhlukanisweni kwe-cyanide ngokusebenza kakuhle nangokuchaneka okuphezulu. Ingasebenza ngokuqhubekekayo kwaye inomlinganiselo omncinci. Umgangatho wamanzi acociweyo uzinzile kwaye unokuhlangabezana nemigangatho engqongqo yokukhupha amanzi.

• Iingxaki : I-membrane ithanda ukungcoliswa, nto leyo eya kunciphisa ukuhamba kwe-membrane kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokwahlulwa. Ukucocwa nokutshintshwa kwe-membrane kubiza kakhulu. Ukongeza, utyalo-mali lokuqala kwizixhobo zokwahlulwa kwe-membrane lukhulu kakhulu.

UkuKhethwa kweNkqubo kunye nokuPhuculwa

Xa ukhetha inkqubo yonyango ye-cyanide - equlethe amanzi amdaka axutywe ngamayeza, izinto ezininzi kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngokubanzi.

1. Umgangatho Wamanzi Amdaka : Hlalutya uxinano lwe-cyanide emanzini amdaka, ubukho bezinye izinto ezingcolisayo ezifana neentsimbi ezinzima kunye nezinto eziphilayo, kunye nexabiso le-pH lamanzi amdaka. Kumanzi amdaka ane-cyanide enomlinganiselo ophezulu, iindlela zokunyibilikisa iikhemikhali zinokufaneleka ngakumbi; kumanzi amdaka ane-cyanide enomlinganiselo omncinci, unyango lwebhayoloji okanye iindlela zonyango lwekhemikhali ngokwasemzimbeni zinokuqwalaselwa.

2. Iimfuneko Zonyango : Misela imigangatho efunekayo yokukhupha amanzi okanye ukuphinda uwasebenzise kwakhona amanzi acociweyo. Ukuba umgangatho wokukhupha i-cyanide ungqongqo kakhulu, kunokufuneka udibaniso lweendlela ezininzi zonyango ukuqinisekisa ukuba amanzi acociweyo ayahlangabezana nomgangatho.

3. Izinto zoqoqosho : Cinga ngeendleko zotyalo-mali lwezixhobo zonyango, iindleko zokusebenza kuquka iindleko zeekhemikhali, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, kunye neendleko zabasebenzi, kunye neendleko zonyango kunye nokulahla udaka. Khetha inkqubo yonyango eneendleko ezifanelekileyo kunye neenzuzo ezilungileyo kwezoqoqosho.

4. Impembelelo kwiNdalo : Khetha iindlela zonyango ezingavelisi ungcoliseko oluncinci. Umzekelo, xa kuthelekiswa ne-alkaline chlorination, i-ozone oxidation kunye neendlela zonyango lwebhayoloji zivelisa iimveliso ezinobungozi obuncinci, ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo.

Ukongezelela, kwinkqubo yonyango yangempela, ukulungiswa okuqhubekayo kwenkqubo yonyango kuyimfuneko. Ukubeka iliso rhoqo umgangatho wamanzi aphathwayo, ukulungelelanisa iiparitha zokusebenza kwezixhobo zonyango ngexesha elifanelekileyo, kwaye uqhube ukugcinwa kunye nokulungiswa kwezixhobo zokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzile kwenkqubo yonyango kunye nokufezekiswa kwemiphumo emihle yonyango.

isiphelo

Ukunyangwa kwe-cyanide - equlethe amanzi amdaka axutywe namayeza kubaluleke kakhulu kukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nempilo yabantu. Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zonyango, kubandakanywa i-chemical oxidation, unyango lwebhayoloji, kunye nonyango lomzimba - lwekhemikhali, luneempawu zabo kunye nemida yokusetyenziswa. Kwizicelo zobunjineli ezisebenzayo, kuyafuneka ukuba kuqwalaselwe ngokubanzi imiba eyahlukeneyo efana nomgangatho wamanzi amdaka, iimfuno zonyango, iindleko zoqoqosho, kunye neempembelelo zokusingqongileyo, kwaye ukhethe kwaye ulungiselele inkqubo efanelekileyo yonyango. Ngophuhliso oluqhubekayo lwesayensi kunye nobuchwepheshe, ubugcisa obusebenzayo, obunobume bendalo, kunye neendleko - ezisebenzayo zonyango lwe-cyanide - eziqulethe amanzi amdaka amayeza ziya kuqhubeka zivela, zibonelela ngenkxaso eqinile yophuhliso oluzinzileyo lweshishini lamachiza kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo.