Iindlela zoNyango lweCyanide-Equlathe Amanzi amdaka enziwa ngamayeza

intshayelelo

Ngophuhliso olukhawulezayo lweshishini lamachiza, unyango lwe i-cyanide - equlethe amanzi amdaka abe ngumba obalulekileyo kwinkalo yokhuseleko lwendalo. I-Cyanide yinto enetyhefu kakhulu, kwaye nokuba incinci yayo inokubangela ingozi enkulu kwimpilo yabantu nakwimekobume yendalo. Ukukhutshwa kwe amanzi amdaka amayeza equlethe i-cyanide ngaphandle konyango olululo iya kubangela ingozi enkulu kwimithombo yamanzi, kwizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, kunye ne-ecosystem yonke. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukwamkela iindlela zonyango ezisebenzayo zokunciphisa umxholo wecyanide kumanzi amdaka amayeza ukuya kwinqanaba elamkelekileyo.

Imithombo kunye neeNgozi zeCyanide kuManzi amdaka awenziwe ngamayeza

imithombo

I-Cyanide isetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezithile zokwenziwa kwamayeza. Ngokomzekelo, ekuveliseni amachiza athile, i-cyanide-equlethe iikhompawundi ingasetyenziswa njengezinto ezikrwada okanye i-reaction intermediates. Ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa, i-cyanide iya kungena ngokuqinisekileyo kumanzi amdaka, okubangela ukuveliswa kwe-cyanide - equlethe amanzi amdaka amayeza.

Iingozi

1. Ubutyhefu ebantwini: I-Cyanide inokuthintela umsebenzi we-cytochrome oxidase emzimbeni womntu, ukuvimbela ukuhanjiswa okuqhelekileyo kwee-electron kwikhonkco lokuphefumula, kwaye ekugqibeleni kukhokelela kwi-tissue hypoxia. Kwiimeko ezinzima, kunokubangela ukufa ngokukhawuleza. Nokuba ukuvezwa kwexesha elide kwi-concentration cyanide kunokubangela ityhefu engapheliyo, echaphazela inkqubo yemithambo-luvo, inkqubo yentliziyo, kunye neminye imisebenzi yomzimba.

2. Ubungozi kwi-Ecosystem: Kwimekobume ehlala emanzini, icyanide inetyhefu kakhulu kwiintlanzi nakwezinye izinto eziphila emanzini. Inokonakalisa iigill kunye nenkqubo ye-nervous yezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, ukunciphisa amandla azo okuphefumla kunye nokuphila. Ngapha koko, ngekhonkco lokutya, i-cyanide inokuqokelelwa kwaye yandiswe, ibeka isoyikiso kwizinto ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu kwikhonkco lokutya.

Iindlela zoNyango oluQhelekileyo lweCyanide-Equlathe Amanzi amdaka axutywa ngamayeza

Indlela ye-Chemical Oxidation

1.I-Alkaline Chlorination

• Siseko: Phantsi kweemeko ze-alkaline (ngesiqhelo i-pH = 10 - 11), ii-oxidants ezine-chlorine ezifana negesi ye-chlorine okanye i-sodium hypochlorite zongezwa emanzini amdaka. I-Cyanide iqala i-oxidized ibe yi-cyanate, ize i-oxidized ngakumbi ibe yi- ICarbon i-dioxide kunye negesi ye-nitrogen.

• eziluncedo: Le ndlela inembali yesicelo ende kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi. Umphumo wonyango uzinzile, kwaye unokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo umxholo we-cyanide kumanzi amdaka. Isixhobo esifunekayo asilula kangako, yaye kulula ukusisebenzisa.

• nezingeloncedo: I-Chlorine - equlethe i-oxidants inokusabela kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo emanzini amdaka ukuvelisa ezinobungozi - iimveliso ezinjenge-trihalomethanes, ezinomhlaza kunye ne-mutagenic. Ukongeza, idosi yee-oxidants kufuneka ilawulwe ngokuchanekileyo. Ukuba inani likhulu kakhulu, liya kubangela ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo kweekhemikhali kunye nokwandisa iindleko zonyango; ukuba isixa sincinci kakhulu, umphumo wonyango awuyi kuba yinto efanelekileyo.

1.I-Ozone Oxidation

• Siseko: I-Ozone yi-oxidant eyomeleleyo. Kwinkqubo yokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka, i-ozone inokusabela ngokuthe ngqo kwi-cyanide, iqhekeza ibhondi kwi-cyanide kwaye ifake i-oxidizing kwizinto ezingenayo ityhefu ezifana nekhabhon diokside kunye ne-nitrogen ngokusebenzisa uthotho lwee-radical reactions ezintsonkothileyo.

• eziluncedo: I-ozone oxidation inonyango oluphezulu kwaye inokubola ngokukhawuleza i-cyanide. Ayifaki izinto ezongezelelweyo ezinobungozi emanzini aphathwayo, ukuphepha ukungcola okwesibini. Kwangaxeshanye, i-ozone inokudlala indima ekubulaleni iintsholongwane kunye nokususa umbala kumanzi amdaka, kuphuculwe umgangatho uwonke wamanzi acociweyo.

• nezingeloncedo: Izixhobo zokuvelisa i-ozone zibiza kakhulu, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kuphezulu. Ukunyibilika kwe-ozone emanzini kuphantsi kakhulu, nto leyo ethintela ukusebenza kwayo kakuhle. Ukongezelela, ukuzinza kwe-ozone kubi, kwaye kufuneka kuveliswe kwisayithi, okwandisa ubunzima bokusebenza kunye nokulawulwa kwenkqubo yonyango.

1.I-Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation

• Siseko: Phambi kwesixhobo esifana ne-iron, i-hydrogen peroxide iyabola ukuze yenze i-hydroxyl radicals esebenza kakhulu. Ezi radicals zinokukhupha i-cyanide ibe yi-cyanate kuqala, kwaye emva koko i-oxidize i-cyanate kwizinto ezingenayo ityhefu.

• eziluncedo: I-hydrogen peroxide yi-oxidant ecocekileyo ngokwentelekiso, kwaye iimveliso zokusabela ikakhulu ngamanzi kunye neoksijini, ezingayi kubangela ungcoliseko lwesibini. Inkqubo yonyango ilula kakhulu, kwaye inokuziqhelanisa nokutshintsha komgangatho wamanzi amdaka.

• nezingeloncedo: Inkqubo ye-catalytic oxidation idinga ulawulo olungqongqo lweemeko zokusabela ezifana nexabiso le-pH kunye ne-catalyst dosage. Ukuba iimeko azifanelekanga, ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-oxidation kuya kuncitshiswa kakhulu. Ukongezelela, ixabiso le-hydrogen peroxide liphezulu kakhulu, eliya kwandisa iindleko zokunyanga kwamanzi amdaka.

Indlela yoNyango lwebhayoloji

1. Siseko: Ezinye iintsholongwane ziyakwazi ukuthoba isidima secyanide. Phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo zokusingqongileyo ezifana nobushushu obufanelekileyo, ixabiso le-pH, kunye neoksijini enyityilisiweyo, ezi microorganisms zingasebenzisa icyanide njengomthombo wekhabhoni okanye umthombo wenitrogen wokukhula kunye nemetabolism, ukuguqula icyanide ibe zizinto ezingezizo eziyityhefu ezifana nekharbon diokside, amanzi, kunye neammonia. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye iibhaktheriya kwi-Pseudomonas genus zinokubola i-cyanide ngoluhlu lwee-enzymatic reactions.

2. eziluncedo: Unyango lwebhayoloji yindlela ehambelana nokusingqongileyo. Ayifuni inani elikhulu lama-reagents amachiza, ukunciphisa ukuveliswa kwenkunkuma yeekhemikhali. Iindleko zokusebenza ziphantsi xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela zokuxutywa kweekhemikhali, ngakumbi ezifanelekileyo kunyango lwe-cyanide enkulu-esezantsi-equlethe amanzi amdaka.

3. nezingeloncedo: Unyango lwe-Biological luxhomekeke kakhulu kumsebenzi we-microorganisms. Ukuguquguquka kwemicroorganisms kutshintsho kumgangatho wamanzi amdaka, njengokunyuka ngesiquphe koxinzelelo lwecyanide, ukuguquguquka kwexabiso le-pH, kunye nobukho bezinto eziyityhefu kunye nezithintelayo, akulunganga. Ixesha lonyango lidla ngokuba lide kunelo leendlela zemichiza ye-oxidation, kwaye itanki yokusabela yendawo enkulu iyafuneka, ithatha izibonelelo zomhlaba ezininzi.

Umzimba - Indlela yoNyango lweMichiza

1.Indlela yeAdsorption

• Siseko: Ii-Adsorbents ezifana Ikhabhoni esebenzayoI-zeolite, kunye ne-resin zisetyenziselwa ukufunxa i-cyanide emanzini amdaka. I-activated carbon, enommandla wayo omkhulu kunye nolwakhiwo olutyebileyo lwe-pore, inokufunxa i-cyanide ngeendlela zomzimba nezekhemikhali. Amaqela asebenzayo kumphezulu kwi-activated carbon anokunxibelelana nee-ion ze-cyanide ngokutsala kwe-electrostatic kunye nokubophelelana kweekhemikhali.

• eziluncedo: Indlela ye-adsorption inenkqubo yokusebenza elula kwaye inokususa ngokufanelekileyo i-cyanide ephantsi yoxinaniso kumanzi amdaka. I-Adsorbents inokuhlaziywa kwaye isetyenziswe kwakhona kwezinye iimeko, ukunciphisa iindleko zonyango. Inokudibaniswa kunye nezinye iindlela zonyango ukuqhubela phambili ukuphucula umphumo wonyango.

• nezingeloncedo: Umthamo we-adsorption we-adsorbents ulinganiselwe. Xa i-adsorbent igcwele, kufuneka itshintshwe okanye ihlaziywe. Inkqubo yokuhlaziya inzima kwaye inokufuna amandla ongezelelweyo kunye neekhemikhali. Ukongeza, iindleko ze-adsorbents ezikumgangatho ophezulu ziphezulu kakhulu.

1.Indlela yokwahlula iMembrane

• Siseko: Ubuchwephesha bokwahlula i-Membrane njenge-osmosis eguqukayo, i-nanofiltration, kunye ne-ultrafiltration ingasetyenziselwa ukwahlula i-cyanide kumanzi amdaka. Ezi inwebu babe permeability ekhethiweyo, ivumela iimolekyuli zamanzi kunye nezinye ezincinane - izinto molekyuli ukuba badlule ngelixa egcina cyanide kunye nezinye ezinkulu - molecular - ubunzima ezingcolisa. Umzekelo, kwinkqubo ye-osmosis eguqukayo, phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu, amanzi adlula kwi-semi-permeable membrane, ngelixa i-cyanide ibanjwa kwicala loxinzelelo oluphezulu.

• eziluncedo: Ukuhlukana kweMembrane kunokufezekisa ukuhlukana okuphezulu kwe-cyanide ngokuchaneka okuphezulu. Iyakwazi ukusebenza ngokuqhubekayo kwaye inomzila omncinci. Umgangatho wamanzi acociweyo uzinzile kwaye unokuhlangabezana nemigangatho engqongqo yokukhupha.

• nezingeloncedo: I-membrane ixhomekeke ekungcoleni, okuya kunciphisa i-membrane flux kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuhlukana. Ukucoca kunye nokutshintshwa kwe-membrane kubiza. Ukongeza, utyalo-mali lokuqala kwisixhobo sokwahlula i-membrane lukhulu.

UkuKhethwa kweNkqubo kunye nokuPhuculwa

Xa ukhetha inkqubo yonyango ye-cyanide - equlethe amanzi amdaka axutywe ngamayeza, izinto ezininzi kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngokubanzi.

1. Umgangatho wamanzi amdaka: Hlalutya i-concentration ye-cyanide kumanzi amdaka, ubukho bezinye izinto ezingcolisayo ezifana nesinyithi esinzima kunye ne-organic matter, kunye nexabiso le-pH lamanzi amdaka. Kwi-cyanide ephezulu yoxinaniso - equkethe amanzi amdaka, iindlela ze-chemical oxidation zinokufaneleka ngakumbi; kwi-low-concentration cyanide - equlethe amanzi amdaka, unyango lwebhayoloji okanye umzimba - iindlela zonyango lweekhemikhali zinokuqwalaselwa.

2. IiMfuno zoNyango: Misela imigangatho efunekayo yokukhupha okanye iimfuno zokuphinda zisetyenziswe emanzini acociweyo. Ukuba umgangatho wokukhutshwa kwe-cyanide ungqongqo kakhulu, ukudibanisa iindlela ezininzi zonyango kunokufuneka ukuqinisekisa ukuba amanzi acociweyo adibana nomgangatho.

3. Imiba yezoQoqosho: Qwalasela iindleko zotyalo-mali lwezixhobo zonyango, iindleko zokusebenza eziquka iindleko zemichiza, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, kunye neendleko zabasebenzi, kunye neendleko zokucocwa nokulahlwa kodaka. Khetha inkqubo yonyango eneendleko ezifanelekileyo kunye neenzuzo ezilungileyo zoqoqosho.

4. Impembelelo kokusiNgqongileyo: Khetha iindlela zonyango ezivelisa ungcoliseko lwesibini olungaphantsi. Ngokomzekelo, xa kuthelekiswa ne-alkaline chlorination, i-ozone oxidation kunye neendlela zonyango zebhayoloji zivelisa ezimbalwa ezinobungozi ngeemveliso, ezihambelana nokusingqongileyo.

Ukongezelela, kwinkqubo yonyango yangempela, ukulungiswa okuqhubekayo kwenkqubo yonyango kuyimfuneko. Ukubeka iliso rhoqo umgangatho wamanzi aphathwayo, ukulungelelanisa iiparitha zokusebenza kwezixhobo zonyango ngexesha elifanelekileyo, kwaye uqhube ukugcinwa kunye nokulungiswa kwezixhobo zokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzile kwenkqubo yonyango kunye nokufezekiswa kwemiphumo emihle yonyango.

isiphelo

Ukunyangwa kwe-cyanide - equlethe amanzi amdaka axutywe namayeza kubaluleke kakhulu kukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nempilo yabantu. Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zonyango, kubandakanywa i-chemical oxidation, unyango lwebhayoloji, kunye nonyango lomzimba - lwekhemikhali, luneempawu zabo kunye nemida yokusetyenziswa. Kwizicelo zobunjineli ezisebenzayo, kuyafuneka ukuba kuqwalaselwe ngokubanzi imiba eyahlukeneyo efana nomgangatho wamanzi amdaka, iimfuno zonyango, iindleko zoqoqosho, kunye neempembelelo zokusingqongileyo, kwaye ukhethe kwaye ulungiselele inkqubo efanelekileyo yonyango. Ngophuhliso oluqhubekayo lwesayensi kunye nobuchwepheshe, ubugcisa obusebenzayo, obunobume bendalo, kunye neendleko - ezisebenzayo zonyango lwe-cyanide - eziqulethe amanzi amdaka amayeza ziya kuqhubeka zivela, zibonelela ngenkxaso eqinile yophuhliso oluzinzileyo lweshishini lamachiza kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo.