Iko Mashandisirwo eSodium Cyanide muMushonga uye Organic Synthesis

ziviso

Sodium cyanide (NaCN), chinhu chisina makemikari, pasinei nekuti chine chepfu yakawanda, chinoita basa guru mumabasa akasiyana-siyana emaindasitiri nemakemikari. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa mashandisirwo aro mukugadzirwa kwemishonga neOrganic , chichiratidza kukosha kwaro uye maitiro aro.

Zvikumbiro mu Pharmaceutical Synthesis

Synthesis of Common Drugs

1. Penicillin

Makemikoro eCyanide, anosanganisira Sodium cyanide , anobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwemamwe ma precursors epenicillin. Mukugadzirwa kwepenicillin kwakaomarara, mamwe maitiro anoda kuunzwa kwemapoka chaiwo anoshanda. Sodium cyanide inogona kushandiswa kuunza boka reCyanide (-CN) mumakemikoro akakosha ari pakati nepakati. Iri boka reCyanide rinogona kushandurwazve kuburikidza nehydrolysis, reduction, kana mamwe maitiro emakemikari kuti rigadzire mamorekuru anodiwa akakosha pabasa repenicillin rekurwisa mabhakitiriya.

2. Vitamin B6

Kugadzirwa kwevhitamini B6 kunoshandisawo Sodium Cyanide mune dzimwe nzira dzekugadzira. Boka recyanide rinounzwa nesodium cyanide rinogona kutora chikamu mukuita ma "ring" uye kushandura ma "functional group". Semuenzaniso, rinogona kushandiswa kuvaka chimiro che "pyridine ring" chinozivikanwa nevhitamini B6. Kuburikidza ne "reactions" dzakadai se "nucleophilic addition" uye "emissions" dzinobva mu "emissions", "cyanide" ine "intermediate" inogona kushandurwa zvishoma nezvishoma kuita "vitamin B6 product" yekupedzisira ne "stereochemistry" chaiyo uye "functional group arrangement".

3. folic acid

Mukugadzirwa kwefolic acid, sodium cyanide inogona kushandiswa mukuumbwa kwezvikamu zvayo zvishoma. Folic acid ine mhete yepteridine, para-aminobenzoic acid, uye glutamic acid moieties. Sodium cyanide inogona kubatanidzwa mukuita kunoumba kana kugadzirisa zvimiro zveaya madiki mayuniti. Semuyenzaniso, mukuumbwa kwemhete yepteridine, cyanide - based reactions inogona kushandiswa kuunza nitrogen - ine mapoka anoshanda, ayo akakosha pachimiro chese uye biological chiitiko chefolic acid.

4. zvine caffeine

Caffeine synthesis inogonawo kusanganisira sodium cyanide mune mamwe maitiro ekugadzira. Iyo methylxanthine chimiro che caffeine inogona kuvakwa kuburikidza neakatevedzana maitiro ekutanga kubva kune akareruka precursors. Sodium cyanide inogona kutora chikamu mukuita zvinounza mapoka anoshanda panzvimbo dzakatarwa pane zvimiro zvemhete, izvo zvinobva zvaitwa methylated uye zvakare kugadziriswa kugadzira caffeine. Iyo cyanide - inotorwa inoshanda mapoka anogona kuita seakakosha zvivharo zvekuvaka kweiyo yakaoma caffeine molecule.

Synthesis of Pharmaceutical Intermediates

1. Amino Acids mune Pharmaceuticals

Amino acids ndiwo akakosha ekuvaka ezvigadzirwa zvemishonga yakawanda. Sodium cyanide inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemamwe amino acids. Semuenzaniso, muStrecker synthesis, aldehyde kana ketone inopindirana neammonia uye sodium cyanide kuumba α - amino nitrile. Iyi α - amino nitrile inogona kubva yaitwa hydrolyzed kuti iite inoenderana amino acid. Kuita uku kunopa nzira yakasiyana-siyana yekugadzirwa kweasiri echisikigo uye echisikigo amino acids ayo anoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwezvinodhaka, ingave inoshanda inoshanda mishonga yemishonga (APIs) pachayo kana seyakakosha yepakati kune mamwe akaomarara emishonga mamorekuru.

2. Pakati peAnticancer Drugs

Mukugadzirwa kwemishonga inorwisa kenza, sodium cyanide inogona kushandiswa mukubatanidza kwepakati pepakati. Mimwe mishonga yekurwisa cancer ine zvimiro zvakaoma zvemamorekuru zvinoda kuunzwa kwemapoka enitrile panzvimbo chaidzo. Sodium cyanide inogona kushandiswa kusuma aya mapoka e nitrile, ayo anogona kuzoshandurwazve kuita mamwe mapoka anoshanda senge amides, carboxylic acids, kana maamines kuburikidza nemagadzirirwo emakemikari akanyatsogadzirwa. Aya mapoka anoshanda akakosha pakudyidzana kwemushonga nemamorekuru ayo anotarirwa mumaseru egomarara, senge ma enzymes kana ma receptors anobatanidzwa mukukura kwesero uye kuwanda.

Zvishandiso muOrganic Synthesis

Nhanganyaya yeCyanide Groups

1. Nitrile Synthesis

Sodium cyanide ndiyo yakajairika reagent ye synthesis ye nitriles. Mu organic chemistry, kana alkyl halide ikasangana ne sodium cyanide mune polar aprotic solvent se dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) kana dimethylformamide (DMF), maitiro anotevera kutsiva nucleophilic bimolecular mechanism. Semuenzaniso, ethyl bromide inopindirana ne sodium cyanide muDMSO kuumba ethyl cyanide, inozivikanwawo se propionitrile. Nitriles inosiyana-siyana yepakati mune organic synthesis. Inogona kushandurwa kuita carboxylic acids kuburikidza nehydrolysis, yakaderedzwa kuita yekutanga amines, kana kushandiswa mukugadzirwa kweheterocyclic makomisheni.

2. Inonhuhwirira Nitrile Synthesis

Sodium cyanide inogona zvakare kuiswa mukubatanidzwa kweanonhuwirira nitriles. Kuita pakati pe aryl halides uye sodium cyanide kwakanyanya kuoma kana zvichienzaniswa neaya ane alkyl halides nekuda kwekuderera reactivity yearyl halides. Nekudaro, pasi pemamwe mamiriro, sekushandisa copper catalyst mune inozivikanwa seRosenmund - von Braun reaction, aryl nitriles inogona kugadzirwa. Semuenzaniso, bromobenzene inogona kuita ne sodium cyanide pamberi pemhangura (I) cyanide muDMF kuumba benzonitrile.

Synthesis ye Complex Organic Molecules

1. Synthesis yeHeterocyclic Compounds

Sodium cyanide inowanzobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwemakemikari eheterocyclic, ayo anowanikwa zvakanyanya muzvigadzirwa zvechisikigo, mishonga, uye zvinhu. Mukugadzirwa kwepyrimidines, boka remakemikari eheterocyclic ane mabasa akakosha ehupenyu, sodium cyanide inogona kubatanidzwa mukuita kunovaka chimiro che pyrimidine ring. Imwe nzira yakadaro ndeye apo 1,3 - di Carbon yl compound inosangana ne urea uye sodium cyanide pasi pemamiriro ekutanga. Boka recyanide rinobatanidzwa mukuita kwepakati, uye kuburikidza nematanho ekuita kwecyclization uye ekubvisa, pyrimidine ring inoumbwa.

2. Synthesis Yechigadzirwa Chigadzirwa - senge Molecules

Mukubatanidzwa kwemamorekuru akaomesesa akafanana neakasikwa zvigadzirwa, sodium cyanide inogona kushandiswa mumatanho akakosha kusuma mapoka anoshanda kana kugadzira kabhoni - carbon bonds. Semuenzaniso, mukusanganiswa kwemamwe alkaloids, sodium cyanide inogona kushandiswa kuunza boka renitrile pane imwe nzvimbo mukati memorekuru. Iri boka re nitrile rinogona kushandiswa mukuita seGrignard - maitiro emhando yekugadzira kabhoni nyowani - kabhoni mabhondi kana kushandurwazve kuita mamwe mapoka anoshanda, zvichibvumira nhanho-ne-nhanho kuvaka kweyakaomarara yechigadzirwa chimiro.

Kufunga Zvekuchengetedza

Inofanira kusimbiswa kuti sodium cyanide ine chepfu zvakanyanya. Inogona kusunungura cyanide ions mumhinduro, iyo inogona kusunga kune iron(III) mu cytochrome c oxidase mumasero, ichidzivisa kufema kwemasero uye zvichiita kuti kukurumidza kufa kwesero. Naizvozvo, mune chero application inosanganisira sodium cyanide, yakasimba kuchengetedza mapuroteni anofanira kuteverwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira kubata zvipfuyo zvinopinda mhepo zvakanaka, kupfeka midziyo yekuzvidzivirira nayo yakafanira senge magirovhosi, magirazi uye mbatya dzekudzivirira, uye kuva nezvirongwa zvekupindura nechimbichimbi kana kurasika kana kuratidzwa. Pamusoro pezvo, tsvina ine sodium cyanide inofanirwa kurapwa nemazvo kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza.

mhedziso

Sodium cyanide, kunyangwe ine huturu hwakanyanya, chinhu chakakosha reagent mumishonga uye organic synthesis. Inogonesa kuumbwa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemishonga, mishonga yepakati, uye yakaoma organic mamorekuru. Nekunzwisisa mashandisiro ayo uye nekutevera matanho akasimba ekuchengetedza, vemakemikari vanogona kuramba vachishandisa sodium cyanide kugadzira mishonga mitsva, zvigadzirwa, uye zvimwe zvakakosha zvemakemikari zvigadzirwa. Nekudaro, kuedza kuri kuitwawo kugadzira dzimwe nzira, dzisina muchetura nzira dzemabatiro ayo parizvino anovimba nesodium cyanide kuderedza njodzi dzakabatana.