I-Sodium Cyanide: Iipropati zeMichiza kunye neendlela zokuSebenza

intshayelelo

I-Sodium cyanide (NaCN) yikhemikhali esetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso kunye nemiphumo ebalulekileyo yokhuseleko ngenxa yobume bayo obunobungozi obukhulu. Ukuqonda iipropati zayo zeKhemikhali kunye neendlela zokusabela kubalulekile ekuphathweni ngokukhuselekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso, kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo. Eli nqaku lijolise ekuboneleleni ngeenkcukacha ezipheleleyo zeempawu zeekhemikhali kunye neendlela zokusabela zeSodium cyanide.

Iipropati zeMichiza yeSodium Cyanide

Imbonakalo yomzimba

Isodium cyanide imhlophe, icrystalline eqinileyo kubushushu begumbi. Ine-cubic crystal structure kwaye ihlala ibonakala incinci, ingenavumba (xa yomile) iigranules okanye umgubo. Noko ke, xa idibana nokufuma okanye iiasidi, inokukhupha igesi yehydrogen cyanide, enevumba elicacileyo nelikrakra lealmondi. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ayinguye wonke umntu onokulibona eli vumba, njengoko ukukwazi ukulijoja kumiselwe ngokwemfuza.

Umzimba

I-NaCN inyibilika kakhulu emanzini. Xa inyibilika emanzini, iyahlukana ibe yi-sodium ion (Na⁺) kunye ne-cyanide ion (CN⁻) ngokweequation ilandelayo:

I-NaCN(s) H2O, Na+(aq) Na+ (aq) + CN-(aq)

Oku kunyibilika kuphezulu emanzini kwenza kube yingozi enokubakho kokusingqongileyo njengoko inokungcolisa ngokulula imithombo yamanzi. Ikwanokunyibilika kwezinye izinyibilikisi zepolar eziphilayo ezifana ne-methanol kunye ne-ethanol.

Uzinzo

I-sodium cyanide izinzile phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, inovelwano kubushushu, kumswakama, nakwii-asidi. Xa ishushu, inokubola, ikhuphe igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide enobuthi kakhulu. Xa kukho ii-asidi, nee-asidi ezibuthathaka ezifana ne -Carbon ic acid (eyenziwe xa i-carbon dioxide inyibilika emanzini), le mpendulo ilandelayo iyenzeka:- NaCN + H2O + CO2 → NaHCO3 + HCN↑

Le mpendulo igxininisa ukubaluleka kokugcina iSodium Cyanide kwindawo eyomileyo, epholileyo kude nezinto ezine-asidi.

Iindlela zokusabela zeSodium Cyanide

Ukusabela ngeentsimbi

I-sodium cyanide yaziwa kakhulu ngokukwazi kwayo ukwenza ii-complexes ngeentsimbi. Enye yezona ndlela zixhaphakileyo zokusetyenziswa kukukhupha igolide nesilivere kwiintsimbi zazo kwishishini lezemigodi. Xa kukho ioksijini namanzi, i-sodium cyanide isabela negolide (Au) kwi-ore ukuze yenze i-soluble gold-cyanide complex. Impendulo iyonke ingamelwa ngolu hlobo:

4Au+8NaCN+O2+2H2O→4Na[Au(CN)2]+ 4NaOH

Kule mpendulo, ii-ion zecyanide zinxibelelana neeathom zegolide, ziguqula igolide enganyibilikiyo kwintsimbi ekrwada ibe yinto enyibilikayo enokwahlulwa ngokulula kwilitye eliseleyo kunye nobunye ukungcola. Indlela yokusabela ibandakanya i-oxidation yegolide yioksijini, ilandelwa kukudityaniswa kwegolide ene-oxidized ion cyanide.

Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions

Ii-ion ze-cyanide (CN⁻) zii-nucleophiles ezinamandla. Kwi-organic chemistry, zinokuthatha inxaxheba kwii-nucleophilic substitution reactions. Umzekelo, xa i-alkyl halide (R - X, apho i-R liqela le-alkyl kwaye i-X yi-halogen) isabela kunye ne-sodium cyanide kwi-aprotic solvent efana ne-dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), le mpendulo ilandelayo iyenzeka: RX + NaCNR-CN + NaX

I-ion ye-cyanide ihlasela i-athomu yekhabhoni ebotshelelwe kwi-halogen, isusa i-athomu ye-halogen kwimpendulo yokutshintsha. Le mpendulo isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-synthesis ye-nitriles, ebaluleke kakhulu kwi-intermediates ekuveliseni iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo ezifana ne-carboxylic acids, i-amines, kunye ne-heterocyclic compounds.

Ukusabela ngamanzi (Hydrolysis)

Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, i-sodium cyanide inokusabela namanzi kwi-hydrolysis reaction. Xa kukho amanzi, i-cyanide ion inokwamkela i-proton emanzini ukuze yenze i-hydrogen cyanide kunye nee-hydroxide ions: CN-(aq) + H2O(l) HCN (aq) + OH-(aq)

Le mpendulo ye-hydrolysis iyabuyiswa, kwaye indawo yokulinganisa ixhomekeke kwizinto ezifana ne-pH kunye nobushushu. Kwizisombululo ze-acidic, i-equilibrium shifts ngokubhekiselele ekubunjweni kwegesi ye-hydrogen cyanide, ngelixa kwizisombululo ezisisiseko, i-ion cyanide ihlala ininzi kwifom ye-anionic.