IiCompounds zeCyanide kunye neNitrile

iicyanides kwaye Zilahlweii-s ziiklasi ezimbini ze iikhompawundi zemichiza ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo iinkqubo zoshishino. IiCyanides, ebonakaliswa bubukho be i-cyanide ii-ion (CN⁻), zisetyenziswa kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo izicelo. Ngokomzekelo, kwi Umzi mveliso, i-cyanide usebenza kwi Ukutsalwa kweentsimbi ezixabisekileyo ezifana igolide kwaye isilivereLe nkqubo ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa isisombululo secyanideukunyibilikisa iintsimbi kwiintsimbi zazo, besebenzisa amandla okwakha aqinileyo i-cyanide ion ngezi zinyithi. Le ndlela, eyaziwa ngokuba yi Cyanidation, isebenza kakhulu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyoting igolide nesilivere ezivela kwezinye izimbiwa, MAYisebenzise njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo kwi icandelo lezemigodi.

Kwelinye icala, iiNitriles ziqulathe i-CN functional groUP, zibaluleke ngokulinganayo kwi Umzi mvelisoZisetyenziswa kwi Mveliso yeentlobo ngeentlobo ze iimveliso. Kwi Manufacturing of iintsinga zokwenziwa, njenge-acrylic eyaziwayo Fiberii-nitrile zibalulekile impahla engekasilwas. Polyiacrylonitrile, uhlobo lwepolymer eyenziwe nge-acrylonitrile (i-nitrile), yeyona nto iphambili kwiifayibha ze-acrylic. Ezi fayibha zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwi imboni eyolukiweyo ngenxa yezinto zabo ezithandekayo Properties njengokuqina okuhle, ukumelana nelanga, kunye nokugcinwa lula. IiNitriles zikwasetyenziswa Synthesis of iiplastiki, irabha, yaye Amayeza. Kwi Shishini, zisebenza njengezibalulekileyo abaphakathi kwimveliso yabaninzi iziyobisi, umnikeloting kuphuhliso lwamayeza okunyanga izifo ezahlukeneyo.

Nangona kunjalo, nangona banzi kakhulu izicelo zemizi-mveliso, iicyanides kwaye ii-nitriles nazo ziyaziwa kakhulu nge- Ubutyhefu obuphezulu. Cyanides ziphakathi kwezona tyhefu zisebenza ngokukhawuleza ezaziwa ngabantu. Nokuba sisixa esincinci setyhefu benqanda inokubulala. Xa i-cyanide ingena emzimbeni, ibopha kwi-cytochrome c oxidase, i-enzyme ebalulekileyo ekuphefumleni kweeseli. Oku kubopha kuphazamisa ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwe-enzyme, kuthintela iiseli ekusebenziseni i-oksijini ngokufanelekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, iiseli azikwazi ukuvelisa amandla, ukukhokelaiiseli ezifa ngokukhawuleza, kwaye kwiimeko ezinzima, ukufa kwezinto eziphilayo. IiNitriles, nangona ngokubanzi zingaphantsi yityhefu kune-cyanides, zisenokubangela ingozi enkulu kwi Impilo yabantuZingafunxwa lusu, Isiphuculoinkqubo yokugaya ukutya, okanye indlela yokugaya ukutya, kunye utyhileko ukuya kumanqanaba aphezulu e-nitriles kunokukhokelela kwiimpawu ezifana nokucaphuka, ukuhlanza, H.E.A.dACHe, kwaye kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo, umonakalo kwinkqubo yemithambo-luvo nakwezinye izitho ezibalulekileyo.

Ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwazo ngokubanzi kwimizi-mveliso kunye nokuba zinokubangela ingozi kwimpilo yabantu kunye indawo, kubalulekile ukuba nolwazi olubanzi ngee-cyanides kunye nee-nitriles. Oku kuquka ulwazi malunga Iimpawu zeMichiza, Izicelo zeMizi-mveliso, utyhefuUMphathiswaii-hanisms, kunye Amanyathelo okhuseleko kuba ukuphatha kunye nokulahla. Kula macandelo alandelayo, siza kujonga nzulu nganye kwezi nkalo ukuze sibone ngakumbi ezi zinto zibalulekileyo kodwa ezinokuba yingozi. IiCompounds zeMichiza.

Hydrogen cyanide (I-HCN) ngu ezingenambala igesi enevumba elibi nelingabonakaliyo, elingaqhelekanga - ivumba le-almond. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba inxalenye enkulu yabemi, malunga nama-20 - 40% abantu, abakwazi ukulibona eli vumba ngenxa yempawu yemfuza. Inamandla kakhulu inyibilika emanzini, utywala, kunye ether. IHydrogen Cyanide iyaguquguquka kakhulu kwaye ine- indawo yokubilisa ngama-25.7°C kuphela. Oku ukungazinzi kwenza kube lula ukusasazeka emoyeni. Emoyeni, xa uxinzelelo lwayo lufikelela kwi-5.6% - 12.8%, yenza i Kuqhumaxubaukhuseleko, nto leyo ebeka umngcipheko omkhulu kwiindawo zoshishino apho inokuba ikhona khona. Isisombululo esimanzi yaziwa njenge i-hydrocyanic acid, okuyiyo I-asidi ebuthathaka Yima nzu inetyhefu kakhulu.

Isodium cyanide (I-NaCN) Kunye Potassium cyanide (I-KCNZombini mhlophecrystalline eqiniles. Isodium cyanide une Indawo yokunyibilika ye-563.7 °C kunye neqondo lokubila le-1496 °C, ngelixa Potassium Cyanide ineqondo lokunyibilika elingama-634.5 °C. Zinamandla kakhulu enyibilikayo in amanziKwimoya ofumileyo, zombini Isodium cyanide kwaye potassium cyanide inga-hydrolyze ukuvelisa icyanide yehydrogen, yiyo loo nto zinevumba elikrakra kancinci le-almond. Ezi zinto zimbini ziphakathi kwezona zidumileyo kwaye Ityhefu kakhulu i-cyanides. Nokuba yincinci, okanye i-milligram ezimbalwa, inokuba yingozi xa ityiwe okanye ifunxwe.

Acetonitrile (CH₃CN), eyona nitrile ilula, yi ezingenambala ulwelo olunevumba elimnandi nelingaqhelekanga. gwenxa ngamanzi kunye noluhlu olubanzi lwe izinyibilikisi eziphilayo njenge Imethanol, ethanol, yaye iacetoneOku kuphakama i-solubility kuzo zombini ezisezantsi nezingaphantsi kwe- izinyibilikisi zomhlaba iyenza ibe luncedo isolvent ezininzi iinkqubo zemichiza, ngakumbi kwiinkalo ze ikromatografi kwaye Ukuhlanganiswa kwendaloIneqondo lokubila eliphantsi kakhulu elingama-81.6 °C, nto leyo evumela ukuba kube lula ukufuma kunye Hlukana ngokuqinisekileyo Izicelo zamashishiniNangona kunjalo, ikwanjalo enokutsha, kwaye umphunga wayo unokwenza imixube eqhumayo enomoya ophakathi kwe-3.0% - 16.0% ngokomthamo.

I-Propionitrile (C₂H₅CN) yenye into I-Nitrile CompoundLulwelo olungenambala olune Ether - ivumba elifana nelakhe. Ineqondo lokunyibilika eliyi - 92.78 °C kunye neqondo lokubila eliyi 97.1 °C. I-Propionitrile iyanyibilika emanzini ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elithile (malunga ne-10.3% kwi-25 °C) kwaye ikwaxutywa ne-common Izinyibilikisi zeOrganic njengeealcohols kunye nee-ethers. Isetyenziswa kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo Ukuhlanganiswa kwendaloasabelas, umzekelo, njenge Solvent okanye phakathi kwimveliso ye Pharmaceuticals kunye nezinye Iikhemikhali ezilungileyo.

I-Acrylonitrile (CH₂=CHCN) lulwelo olungenambala olunevumba elibi nelirhabaxa. Lunyibilika emanzini, kunye nase isinyibilikisi sezinto eziphilayoezinje nge Ethanol, i-ether, kunye benzeneI-Acrylonitrile ibaluleke kakhulu imichiza yemizi-mvelisoIneqondo lokubila elingama-77.3 °C kwaye isabela kakhulu ngenxa yokubakho kwe-double bond kunye ne- Iqela leNitrileIsetyenziswa kakhulu ekuveliseni iifayibha ze-acrylic, iirabha zokwenziwa, kunye iiplastikiUmzekelo, i-polyacrylonitrile, eyenziwe nge-acrylonitrile, yeyona nto iphambili kwiifayibha ze-acrylic. Nangona kunjalo, i-acrylonitrile ikwanobungozi kakhulu. Umphunga wayo uyingozi xa uphefumlwa, kwaye unokufunxwa eluswini, nto leyo ebangela iingxaki ezinkulu zempilo.

Unxibelelwano oluphambili phakathi kwe-cyanides kunye ne-nitriles kukubakho kweqela le-CN. Nangona kunjalo, iikhemikhali zabo kunye iipropathi zomzimba zahlukile kwezinye iinkalo. IiCyanides, ingakumbi ezilula Inorganic cyanideNdiyathanda Hydrogen i-cyanide, Isodium cyanide, yaye Potassium i-cyanide, ngokubanzi inetyhefu kakhulu kune-nitriles. Ii-nitriles zininzi Zizinzile ezininzi Ukusabela kweMichiza xa kuthelekiswa ne-reactivity ephezulu iiyoni zecyanide kwiikhompawundi ze-cyanide. Kwakhona, iimeko ezibonakalayo kunye Umzimba iipateni zingahluka kakhulu phakathi kwe-cyanide eyahlukeneyo kunye iikhompawundi nitrile, nto leyo ebalulekileyo ekufuneka iqwalaselwe Isicelo seMizi-mvelisokunye yokhuselekoIinkqubo zokuphatha.

Kwi icandelo lezemigodi, i-cyanides idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhutshweni kwe amatye anqabileyo, ingakumbi igolide nesilivere. Le nkqubo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi i-cyanidation, isisekod malunga nokukwazi Iiyoni zecyanide ukwenza iikhompleksi ezizinzileyo ngegolide nesilivere. Umzekelo, kwigolide eqhelekileyo - Umsebenzi wezemigodi, igolide etyumkileyo - i-ore ethwele i-ore ixutywe nesisombululo esinyibilikisiweyo se- sodium cyanide. The Ukuphendula kweMichiza inokumelwa ngolu hlobo:

Le mpendulo iyayinyibilikisa igolide ngendlela ye-soluble complex, sodium i-dicyanoaurate(I). Isisombululo esinegolide sinokwahlulwa kwintsalela yentsimbi, kwaye igolide emva koko ifunyenwe kwisisombululo, rhoqo ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ezifana zinc ngaphambiliCIPi-itation okanye ikhabhoni I-AdsorptionLe ndlela iyasebenza kakhulu ekufumaneni igolide Iintsimbi zomgangatho ophantsi, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yindlela eqhelekileyo yoshishino kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zegolide - zemigodi imimandla kwihlabathi liphela.

Kwi metallurgy kwaye umbane kwimizi-mveliso, ii-cyanides zikwasetyenziselwa iipropati zazo ezikhethekileyo ekufakweni kwesinyithi. Umzekelo, kwi Inkqubo ye-Electroplatinges ezifana Ukufakwa kobhedu, Ukucwenga kwegolide, kunye ne-silver plating, ii-electrolytes ezisekwe kwi-cyanide ngamanye amaxesha ziyathandwa. I-Electroplatingi-potassium cyanide isetyenziswa rhoqo kwi- Isitya sokuhlambela. The Ion yeCyanideIi-complexes ze-s form ezinee-ion zesilivere ( ), ezifana ne- . Olu lwakhiwo oluyinkimbinkimbi lunceda ukulawula izinga lokufakwa kwesilivere kwi-substrate. Xa umbane udlula kwi-electroplating bath, ii-ion zesilivere kwi-complex ziyancitshiswa kwi-cathode (into efakwe i-plated) kwaye zibekwe njengomaleko obhityileyo wesinyithi sesilivere. Oku kubangela ukuba i-silver coating ibe bushelelezi, ifane, kwaye inamathele. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide kwi-electroplating kunokuphucula umgangatho we-plating, kubonelele ngcono ukunamathela, ukukhanya, kunye Ukuxhatshazwa xa kuthelekiswa nezinye ezingezizo - Ukufakwa kweCyanide iindlela.

IiCyanides kunye neeNitriles zizinto ezibalulekileyo zokwakha Imichiza yokuHlanganisaKwimveliso yee-monomers ezahlukeneyo ze-resin, ezifana i-acrylic resins kunye ne-methI-Acrylic Resinii-s, i-cyanides kunye nee-nitriles zibandakanyeka kwiimpendulo eziphambili zeekhemikhali. Umzekelo, i-acrylonitrile, i-compound ye-nitrile, yi-monomer ebalulekileyo ekuhlanganisweni kweefayibha ze-acrylic kunye neeplastiki ezisekwe kwi-polyacrylonitrile. I-Acrylonitrile ingapholishwa ukuze yenze i-polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nge-free-radical ukupolishwa impendulo. Impendulo iqalwa ngumntu ofanelekileyo umqalisi, kwaye i-double bond kwi-acrylonitrile iyaphuka, nto leyo evumela ii-monomers ukuba zidibene ukuze zenze imixokelelwane emide ye-polymer. I-polyacrylonitrile ephumayo ineempawu ezintle ezifana ne Amandla amakhulu, Kulungile Ukuchasana neMichiza, kunye nendawo yokunyibilika ephezulu, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ifaneleke ukusetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso yelaphu kunye neplastiki.

Kwi ishishini lamayeza, ii-nitriles zisetyenziswa njengezinto eziphakathi ekuhlanganisweni kwamayeza amaninzi. Zingaguqulwa zibe ngamanye amaqela asebenzayo afana nee-amides, Iicarboxylic Acids, okanye ii-amines ngokusebenzisa ii-chemical reactions ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, i-a Iqela leNitrile ingayi Yenziwe ngamanzi ukwenza i-a Carboxylic acid Olu tshintsho ludla ngokusetyenziswa ekuhlanganiseni iziyobisi apho i-carboxylic asidi Iqela elisebenzayo liyafuneka kumsebenzi weziyobisi okanye utshintsho olongezelelekileyo lweekhemikhali. Ukongeza, i-cyanides ingasetyenziswa ekuhlanganiseni ezinye izinto. IiCompounds zeHeterocyclic, ezizizinto ezibalulekileyo kwiindawo ezininzi mayeza machiza.

IiNitriles zikwasetyenziswa ekuhlanganiseni izongezo zokutyaEzinye izinto eziqulathe i-nitrile zinokuguqulwa zibe yincasa ephucula incasa okanye ukubola Umzekelo, ii-nitriles ezithile zinokungcoliswa kwaye ziphinde zisebenze ukuze zenze iikhompawundi ezineencasa ezimnandi, ezithi emva koko zisetyenziswe kwi shishini lokutya ukuphucula incasa ye-processed ukutyas.

Iicyanides zizinto eziyityhefu kakhulu. Xa isixa esikhulu se-cyanide sifakwe okanye ukuxinwa okuphezulu kwegesi ye-cyanide kutsalwa, iziphumo zihlala ziyintlekele. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, imisebenzi eqhelekileyo yomzimba iphazamiseka ngokukhawuleza. Ezona mpawu zixhaphakileyo nezikhawulezayo ziquka ukulahlekelwa zingqondo ngesiquphe. Ixhoba linokuthi liwele phantsi kwimizuzwana embalwa, njengoko inkqubo ye-nervous system ichaphazeleka kakhulu. Abafundi babo bakhula ngokukhawuleza, nto leyo ebonisa ukungakwazi komzimba ukulawula imisebenzi yawo yangaphakathi. Oku kulandelwa kukuxhuzula, apho umzimba ufumana ukunyanzeliswa kwemisipha okuzenzekelayo kunye nobundlobongela. Ezi ngqungquthela zingumphumo wokuphazamiseka kwe-nerve eqhelekileyo - ukunxibelelana kwezihlunu, okuyimfuneko kwintshukumo elungelelanisiweyo yomzimba.

Inkqubo yokuphefumla nayo ichaphazeleka kakhulu. Ixhoba lifumana ukuphefumla okukhawulezileyo nokunganzulu, okanye kwezinye iimeko, ukumisa ukuphefumla ngokupheleleyo. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-cyanide ibopha kwi-cytochrome c oxidase kwiiseli, ithintela ukusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo kweoksijini kwinkqubo yokuphefumla kweeseli. Ngenxa yoko, iiseli azifumani oksijini, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungasebenzini kwamalungu abalulekileyo anjengengqondo nentliziyo. Ngaphandle kwengxaki yokuphefumla ngokukhawuleza. Medical ukungenelela, ukufa kunokwenzeka kwimizuzu embalwa.

I-Nitriles, ngakumbi xa itsaliwe okanye ifakwe kwindawo ephezulu, inokubangela ubutyhefu obukhulu. Ngokomzekelo, i-acrylonitrile, i-compound ye-nitrile eqhelekileyo, inokubangela ukucaphuka ngokukhawuleza kwindlela yokuphefumula. Iimpawu ziquka ukukhohlela, ukuphefumla, kunye nokutshisa emqaleni nasesifubeni. Kwiimeko ezinzima, kunokukhokelela kwi-edema ye-pulmonary, apho imiphunga igcwalisa ngamanzi, okwenza kube nzima ukuba umzimba utshintshe ngokufanelekileyo i-oksijini kunye ne-carbon dioxide. Oku kunokuqhubela phambili ngokukhawuleza ekungaphumeleli kokuphefumla kunye nokufa ukuba akunyangwa ngokukhawuleza.

Ukuvezwa ixesha elide kwi-cyanides ezixineneyo kakhulu kunokukhokelela kwisifo esingapheliyo utyhefu.Ekuhambeni kwexesha, umzimba uqokelela i-cyanide njengoko ingasuswa ngokupheleleyo. Enye yeempawu zokuqala kukuziva ngathi kukho ukungakhululeki kolwimi nakwimilebe. Oku kudla ngokuhamba nentloko ebuhlungu engapheliyo kunye nesiyezi, ezinokuba buthathaka ekuqaleni kodwa kancinci kancinci zibe nzima ngakumbi. Amaxhoba anokufumana isicaphucaphu, ukuhlanza, kunye nokungakhululeki ngokubanzi esiswini esingaphezulu.

Ukuphazamiseka kokulala, njengokungalali, kuxhaphakile. Amanqanaba omandla omzimba ayancipha, nto leyo ekhokelela ekudinweni nasekuphelelweni amandla emilenzeni. Oku kwenza kube nzima kumntu ochaphazelekayo ukwenza imisebenzi eqhelekileyo yomzimba. Inkqubo ye-cardiovascular system nayo ichaphazelekayo, kunye nokuhla okubonakalayo kwixinzelelo lwegazi. Kwezinye iimeko, ukubonakaliswa kwe-cyanide engapheliyo kunokukhokelela kumonakalo kwi-thyroid gland, ukuphazamisa ibhalansi ye-hormonal yomzimba kunye ne-metabolism.

Ukungakhuseleki okungapheliyo kwi-nitriles nako kunokuba nefuthe elibi kwimpilo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuvezwa kwexesha elide kwi-acrylonitrile kunokubangela umonakalo kwinkqubo ye-nervous. Oku kunokubangela i-peripheral neuropathy, apho imithambo-luvo kwiindawo eziphelayo ichaphazeleka. Iimpawu ziquka ukuba ndindisholo, ukuntlitheka, kunye nokulahlekelwa yimvakalelo ezandleni nasezinyaweni. Kusenokubakho ubuthathaka bemisipha kunye nobunzima bokulungelelanisa iintshukumo. Ukongezelela, ukubonakaliswa okungapheliyo kwii-nitriles ezithile kuye kwadibaniswa nomngcipheko okhulayo wokuphuhlisa iintlobo ezithile zomhlaza, nangona iindlela ezichanekileyo zisafundwa.

IiCyanides kunye neenitriles ziyingozi enkulu kwindalo esingqongileyoisinyithixa zikhutshwa emanzini, zinokuba yingozi kakhulu.PACkwizidalwa zasemanzini. Nokuba ziphantsi kakhulu, ii-cyanides ziyingozi kakhulu kwiintlanzi nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Umzekelo, xa ziqulathe i-cyanide Amanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso Ukuba ikhutshelwa emilanjeni okanye emachibini ngaphandle konyango olufanelekileyo, inokubangela ukufa kweentlanzi ngobuninzi. I-cyanide ibopha kwiigill zentlanzi, ithintela ukutshintshiselana okuqhelekileyo kweoksijini kunye nekharbon dioxide, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuphelisweni yi-abstixia.

IiNitrile, ezifana ne-acrylonitrile, nazo zingangcolisa imithombo yamanzi. Zinokuhlala emanzini ixesha elide, zichaphazele umgangatho wamanzi kwaye zenze angafaneleki ebantwini. ukusebenzisa kunye nezinye UsebenzisaUkongeza, ezi zinto zixutywa zizityalo zasemanzini, ezinokuthi emva koko zidlulisele iityhefu kwikhonkco lokutya, zichaphazele izinto eziphilayo ezikumgangatho ophezulu.

Kwi umhlaba, ii-cyanides kunye nee-nitriles zinokuqokelelana ngokuhamba kwexesha. Oku kunokukhokelela ekungcolisweni komhlaba, okunokuthintela ukukhula kwezityalo. Iityhefu zinokuphazamisana neenkqubo eziqhelekileyo ze-physiology zezityalo, ezifana ne-photosynthesis kunye nokufunxwa kwezondlo. Ngenxa yoko, imveliso yezolimo inokuncipha kakhulu. Ukongeza, ubukho bezi Ikhompawundi enetyhefuIintsholongwane ezisemhlabeni zinokuchaphazela neentsholongwane zomhlaba, ezibalulekileyo ekugcineni ukuchuma kunye nolwakhiwo lomhlaba. Oku kuphazamiseka kwenkqubo yendalo yomhlaba kunokuba nemiphumo echaphazela kakhulu impilo yonke yendawo.isinyithiIngqondo.

Elinye lamanyathelo olawulo olusisiseko lobunjineli kukuhlaziya Inkqubo yoPhicotho. Umzekelo, kwi ishishini electroplating, ukwamkelwa kweteknoloji ye-cyanide-free electroplating kunokunciphisa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwee-compounds ze-cyanide ezinobungozi kakhulu. Inkqubo ye-Electroplatingzihlala zixhomekeke kwi-electrolytes ezisekelwe kwi-cyanide, kodwa ngophuhliso lwetekhnoloji, i-electro entsha engena-cyanideIsisombululo sePlatings ziye zaphuhliswa. Ezi zisombululo zisebenzisa ezinye iindlela Iarhente entsonkothileyokunye Isongezeleloukuze kufumaneke umgangatho ofanayo okanye ongcono ngakumbi wokugquma ngaphandle kweengozi ezinxulumene ne-cyanide.

Ukongeza ekuhlaziyweni kwenkqubo, ukuphumeza inkqubo yokusebenza evaliweyo kubalulekile.CILapho kusetyenziswa khona i-cyanides kunye ne-nitriles, njengakwizityalo zeekhemikhali okanye isinyithi - ukwenziwa iifektri, zonke izixhobo zemveliso maziyilwe ngendlela yokuba zingangeni moya. Oku kuthintela ukuvuza kweegesi ezinobuthi okanye ulwelo kwindawo engqongileyo.intsimbiUmzekelo, kwi-cyanide - kusetyenziswa igolide - umsebenzi wezemigodiisisombululo esiqulethe i-cyanide zokugcina Amatanki kunye nezixhobo zokukhupha amanzi kufuneka zivalwe kakuhle, kwaye imibhobho kufuneka ihlolwe rhoqo ukuba akukho zimpawu zokuvuza.

Iinkqubo zokungenisa umoya kunye nee-exhaust nazo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni ukuxinana kwezinto ezinobungozi emoyeni. Kwiindawo zokusebenza apho igesi yehydrogen cyanide ingaba khona, njengakwezinye iindawo Ukuveliswa kweMichiza Izityalo, kufuneka kufakwe iinkqubo zomoya ezinamandla zoomatshini. Ezi nkqubo zinokususa umoya ongcolisiweyo rhoqo zize ziwufake umoya omtsha endaweni yawo. Izinga lomoya kufuneka libalwe ngononophelo ngokusekelwe kubukhulu bendawo yokusebenza, ubungakanani bezinto ezinobuthi ezisetyenzisiweyo, kunye nethuba lokukhululwa kwazo. Umzekelo, kwindawo yokusebenzela encinci yokucoca nge-electroplating apho i-hydrogen cyanide inokuveliswa ngexesha lovavanyo. Inkqubo yokucwenga, inkqubo yokungenisa umoya kufuneka yenzelwe ukugcina i-hydrogen ugxininiso lwecyanide emoyeni ongaphantsi koxinzelelo oluvumelekileyo oluphezulu (i-MAC), oluhlala lubekwe kwinqanaba eliphantsi kakhulu, njenge-0.3mg/m³, ukuqinisekisa ukuba Safety yabasebenzi.

Isixhobo sokuKhusela (PPE) ibalulekile kubasebenzi abanokuthi bachatshazelwe yi-cyanides kunye ne-nitriles. Ii-respirators ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-PPE. Kubasebenzi abakwiindawo ezinomngcipheko omkhulu wokuphefumla iigesi ezinobuthi, njengakwimveliso ye-acrylonitrile apho umphunga uyingozi kakhulu, izixhobo zokuphefumla ezizimeleyo (SCBA) zinokufuneka kwiimeko zokuvezwa koxinzelelo oluphezulu okanye ngexesha Emergency iimeko. Ukuba azikho nzima - zinzima kodwa zisenjalo ingoziKwiindawo ezingqongileyo, ii-respirators zokucoca umoya ezinezihluzo ezifanelekileyo zingasetyenziswa. Ezi zihluzo zenzelwe ukususa izinto ezithile ezingcolisayo, ezifana ne-cyanide okanye umphunga we-nitrile, emoyeni ophefumlwa ngumsebenzi.

Ikhemikhali - ukunganyangeki Iiglavu nazo zibalulekile. Abasebenzi abaphatha izisombululo ezine-cyanide okanye ezine-nitrile imichiza kufuneka unxibe iiglavu ezenziwe izinto ezinokumelana Intsholongwane kunye nemiphumo yokugcwala kwezi zinto. Umzekelo, iiglavu ezenziwe irabha ye-butyl okanye irabha ye-nitrile zihlala zisetyenziswa kuba zinokumelana okuhle kwiikhemikhali ezahlukeneyo, kuquka i-cyanides kunye ne-nitriles ezininzi. Ezi glavu zinokuthintela ukufunxwa kwezinto ezinobuthi eluswini, nto leyo eyindlela ebalulekileyo yokuvezwa, ingakumbi kwii-nitriles ezinokufunxwa nokuba kuncinci ukunxibelelana kwesikhumba.

Kufuneka kunikwe nempahla yokuzikhusela. Le mpahla mayigqume umzimba wonke kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuze kuncitshiswe ukubonakala kolusu. Kwezinye iindawo ezinobungozi obukhulu, njengakwimveliso yezinye izinto iikhemikhali ezikhethekileyo apho kusetyenziswa khona ii-cyanides kunye nee-nitriles ngobuninzi, abasebenzi banokunxiba iisuti zokukhusela umzimba wonke zeekhemikhali. Ezi suti zenziwe ngezinto ezingangeni kwiikhemikhali ezisetyenziswayo kwaye zihlala ziyilwe ngezinto ezongezelelweyo ezifana nemithungo evaliweyo kunye nee-hoods ezakhelwe ngaphakathi ukuze zinike ukhuseleko oluphezulu.

Uqeqesho olupheleleyo lokhuseleko lubalulekile kubo bonke abasebenzi ababandakanyekayo ekuphatheni, yoGcino, okanye uthutho lwe-cyanides kunye ne-nitriles. Olu qeqesho lufanele lugubungele uluhlu olubanzi lwezihloko ezinxulumene Ukusetyenziswa okukhuselekileyo kwezi khemikhali. Okokuqala, kufuneka ibandakanye ulwazi olunzulu malunga neempawu ze-cyanides kunye ne-nitriles. Abasebenzi kufuneka baqonde iimpawu zomzimba nezekhemikhali zezi zinto, ezinje ngokuguquguquka kwazo, ukunyibilika kwazo, kunye nokusabela kwazo. Umzekelo, kufuneka bazi ukuba i-hydrogen cyanide iguquguqukayo kakhulu kwaye inokusasaza ngokukhawuleza emoyeni, kwaye i-acrylonitrile isabela kakhulu kwaye inokuphinda-phinda phantsi kweemeko ezithile.

Okwesibini, uqeqesho kufuneka lugxile iinkqubo zokusabela ngokungxamisekileyoAbasebenzi kufuneka baqeqeshwe malunga nokuba benze ntoni xa kuchitheke, kuvuza, okanye kuchaphazeleke ngengozi. Oku kuquka indlela yokukhupha ngokukhawuleza indawo ukuba kuyimfuneko, indlela yokusebenzisa izitishi zokuhlamba amehlo ezingxamisekileyo kunye neeshawa xa kuthe kwadibana ulusu okanye amehlo, kunye nendlela yokunika uncedo lokuqala kumanqanaba okuqala okutyhefa. Umzekelo, xa kuthe kwachitheka i-cyanide, abasebenzi kufuneka bazi ukuba bahlukanise indawo ngoko nangoko, bafake i-PPE efanelekileyo, kwaye basebenzise izinto ezifunxayo ukucoca ukuchitheka ngokwemigaqo yokhuseleko emiselweyo.

Kufuneka kwenziwe uqheliso lokhuseleko rhoqo. Olu qheliso lunokulinganisa iimeko ezahlukeneyo zengxakeko, njengokuvuza kwegesi okanye ukuchitheka kweekhemikhali, ukuqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi banokusabela ngokukhawuleza nangokufanelekileyo kwiimeko zokwenyani. Ngokuziqhelisa rhoqo olu qheliso, abasebenzi banokuqhelana ngakumbi Ukuphendula ngokukhawulezainkqubo kwaye kuncitshiswe amathuba okuba kubekho uloyiko okanye ukudideka ngexesha lesiganeko sokwenyani. Oku ekugqibeleni kunokusindisa ubomi kwaye kuncitshiswe umonakalo obangelwa ziingozi ezibandakanya i-cyanides kunye ne-nitriles.

Xa umntu erhanelwa ukuba unetyhefu ye-cyanide okanye ye-nitrile, khawuleza kwaye wenze isigqibo amanyathelo oncedo lokuqala zibalulekile. Inyathelo lokuqala kukususa ngokukhawuleza ixhoba kwindawo enomoya ococekileyo. Oku kunceda ukunciphisa ukuphefumla izinto ezinobungozi ngakumbi. Umzekelo, ukuba ityhefu iyenzeka kumzi-mveliso apho kusetyenziswa khona i-hydrogen cyanide, ixhoba kufuneka likhutshwe kwindawo yemveliso liye kwindawo evulekileyo enomoya omtsha ngokukhawuleza.

Xa sele usendaweni ekhuselekileyo, ukuba ukuphefumla kwexhoba kuyekile okanye kubuthathaka kakhulu, kufuneka kuqaliswe ukuphefumla okwenziweyo ngoko nangoko. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukuphefumla okwenziweyo ngomlomo kuya emlonyeni kufuneka kuthintelwe kwiimeko ityhefu yecyanide, njengoko kukho umngcipheko wokuba umsindisi aphefumle umsi onetyhefu.ITId, kucetyiswa ukusetyenziswa kwesixhobo semaski okanye esinye isixhobo sokuxhasa ukuphefumla esifanelekileyo.

Ubonelelo ngeoksijini lukwayinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yoncedo lokuqala. I-oksijini ehambayo ephezulu inokulawulwa kwixhoba kusetyenziswa imaski ye-oxygen okanye i-nasal cannula. Oku kunceda ukunyusa izinga le-oksijini egazini kunye nokuchasana nemiphumo ye-cyanide okanye i-nitrile, ephazamisa amandla omzimba wokusebenzisa ioksijini.

Ukuba ulusu lwexhoba luye lwadibana nezinto ezinobuthi, iimpahla ezingcolileyo kufuneka zisuswe ngokukhawuleza. Ulusu oluchaphazelekayo kufuneka luhlanjwe ngokucokisekileyo ngamanzi amaninzi ahambayo ubuncinane ubuncinane be-15 - 20 imizuzu. Oku kunceda ukususa nayiphi na imichiza eseleyo eluswini kunye nokunciphisa ukufunxa ngakumbi. Umzekelo, ukuba umsebenzi uchithe i-acrylonitrile eluswini lwabo, kufuneka bakhulule ngokukhawuleza iimpahla zabo ezingcolileyo kwaye bahlambulule indawo echaphazelekayo phantsi kwamanzi abalekayo.

Kwiimeko zokudibana kwamehlo, amehlo kufuneka athotywe ngamanzi amaninzi acocekileyo okanye umxube we-saline oyinyumba. Iinkophe kufuneka zibanjwe zivuliwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba yonke indawo yamehlo ihlanjululwe kakuhle. Oku kufuneka kwenziwe ngokuqhubekayo ubuncinane imizuzu eyi-15 ukunciphisa umonakalo wamehlo.

Xa ixhoba lithe TransportUkuba isibhedlele sithunyelwa esibhedlele, unyango olupheleleyo lunokubonelelwa. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kunyango kukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezithile zonyango. Iingxaki. Ngokuba Ityhefu yeCyanide, Isodiyam thiosulfate yinto eqhelekileyo esetyenziswa ikhubaloIsebenza ngokudibanisa ne Icyanide ionemzimbeni ukuze zenze i-thiocyanate engeyiyo ityhefu, enokukhutshwa emzimbeni ngomchamo. Inkqubo yonyango eqhelekileyo idla ngokubandakanya ukujova kancinci ngemithambo yegazi yedosi ethile ye- Isodium Thiosulfate, ubungakanani bayo bumiselwa ngokusekelwe kwimeko yesigulana kunye nobunzima bomzimba.

Elinye iyeza elibalulekileyo lokunyanga ubuthi be-cyanide ziikhompawundi ezisekelwe kwi-nitrite. Ezi khompawundi zisebenza ngokuguqula i-hemoglobin egazini ibe yi-methemoglobin. I-Methemoglobin inobuhlobo obuphezulu kwii-ion ze-cyanide kwaye inokubophelela kuzo, yenze i-complex ezinzileyo. Oku kunciphisa ubungakanani be I-cyanide yasimahla ii-ion emzimbeni kwaye zinciphisa iimpawu zetyhefu. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwamayeza asekelwe kwi-nitrite kufuna ukujongwa ngononophelo, njengoko enokuba nemiphumo emibi, enjengokubangela ukwehla koxinzelelo lwegazi.

Kwityhefu eyenziwe yi-nitrile, unyango lujolise ikakhulu ekudambiseni iimpawu kunye nokuxhasa imisebenzi yomzimba. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba isigulane sibonisa iimpawu zokuphefumla ngenxa yetyhefu ye-acrylonitrile, umoya wokuphefumula ngomatshini unokufuneka uncede ukuphefumla. Kwiimeko apho kukho umonakalo kwinkqubo ye-nervous, amayeza angamiselwa ukulawula iimpawu ezifana nobuthakathaka bemisipha, ukuphazamiseka, okanye intlungu.

Ukuba isigulana sitye i-cyanide okanye i-nitriles, kunokwenziwa ukuhlamba isisu ukuze kususwe naziphi na izinto ezinobuthi eziseleyo esiswini. Oku kudla ngokwenziwa kusetyenziswa isisombululo esifanelekileyo, njengesinyibilikisi I-Permanganate ye-potassium isisombululo okanye isisombululo setyuwa. Nangona kunjalo, isigqibo sokwenza ukuhlamba isisu kunye nokukhetha isisombululo sokuhlamba kufuneka siqwalaselwe ngononophelo ngokusekelwe kwimeko yesigulana kunye nohlobo lwesithako esinobuthi esityiweyo.

Ukongeza kwezi ndlela zonyango zithile, iimpawu ezibalulekileyo zesigulana, ezinje ngesantya sentliziyo, uxinzelelo lwegazi, kunye nesantya sokuphefumla, zijongwa ngokusondeleyo. Ezinye iindlela zonyango ezixhasayo, ezinje nge-fluid replaisamente ukugcina ibhalansi ye-electrolyte, kunokunikezelwa. Kwimeko apho isigulana siye safumana iingxaki, ezifana ne-pneumonia ngenxa yokufunxa ngexesha lesiganeko sokutyhefa, ii-antibiotics ezifanelekileyo zinokumiselwa ukunyanga usulelo.

IiCyanides kunye neeNitriles zibalulekile kakhulu kumashishini anamhlanje. Ukusetyenziswa kwazo kuqala ekukhutshweni kwe I zinyithi ekumbiweni kwemigodi ukuya ekuhlanganisweni kweemveliso ezahlukeneyo kwimizi-mveliso yamachiza, amayeza, kunye nempahla. Nangona kunjalo, ubuthi obuphezulu bezi zinto bubeka emngciphekweni omkhulu kwimpilo yabantu nakwindalo esingqongileyo.

Ityhefu ebukhali kwaye engapheliyo ye-cyanides kunye ne-nitriles inokukhokelela kwiingxaki ezinzima zempilo, ukusuka kubomi bangoko - iimeko ezisongelayo ukuya kumonakalo wexesha elide kwinkqubo yemithambo-luvo, inkqubo yentliziyo kunye namanye amalungu abalulekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukukhululwa kwazo kwimo engqongileyo kunokubangela ukungcoliseka kwemithombo yamanzi nomhlaba, ukubeka emngciphekweni ubomi basemanzini kunye nokunciphisa imveliso yezolimo.

Kungoko ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukubeka phambili ukusetyenziswa okukhuselekileyo kunye nokuphathwa kwe-cyanides kunye ne-nitriles. Amashishini kufuneka atyale imali kumanyathelo okulawula ubunjineli ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezi zinto zinobungozi. Abasebenzi kufuneka banikwe izixhobo zokuzikhusela ezifanelekileyo kwaye bafumane uqeqesho olupheleleyo lokhuseleko. Kwimeko yeengozi, ukusebenza ngempumelelo impendulo engxamisekileyo kwaye kufuneka kubekho iindlela zonyango.

Ngokuthatha la manyathelo, singaqhubeka sizuza kwi isicelo semizi-mvelisoii-cyanides kunye nee-nitriles ngelixa kuqinisekiswa ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi, uluntu kunye nokusingqongileyo. Luxanduva oludibeneyo lwamashishini, Umlawuliimibutho, kunye nabo bonke abachaphazelekayo basebenzisane ukuthintela iziphumo eziyingozi zezi zinto zinokuba yingozi. imichizas.