Ukubaluleka kweSodium Cyanide kuShishino loShishino

I-Sodium cyanide (NaCN), nangona inetyhefu eninzi, idlala indima ebalulekileyo neneenkalo ezininzi kwishishini leMithi . Njengezinto ezibalulekileyo kwi-organic synthesis, isebenza njengesiseko sokwakha uluhlu olwahlukeneyo lweemolekyuli zamayeza. Eli nqaku lijonga imisebenzi ephambili ye- Sodium cyanide kwimveliso yamayeza kunye namanyathelo okhuseleko angqongqo anxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwayo.

Isodium Cyanide njengeSynthetic Intermediate: "I-Molecular Scalpel"

Iqela le-cyano (-CN) elibonelelwa yiSodium Cyanide lisembindini wexabiso lalo ekuvelisweni kwamayeza. Eli qela lithatha inxaxheba kumanyathelo aliqela abalulekileyo:

Ukwaziswa kweNitrogen - equlethe amaQela aSebenzayo

Iqela lecyano linokuguqulwa libe ngamanye amaqela asebenzayo ayimfuneko. Ngokomzekelo, nge-hydrolysis, inokuguqulwa ibe yiqela le-carboxylic acid (-COOH), kwaye ngokunciphisa, ingaba liqela le-amino (-NH₂). La maqela ziisayithi ezisebenzayo kumachiza amaninzi. Kwi-antibiotics, iqela le-carboxylic acid linokubandakanyeka ekubopheleleni kwiindonga zeeseli zebhaktiriya, zithintele ukukhula kwazo. Kumachiza okulwa nomhlaza, amaqela e-amino anokunxibelelana nezamkeli ezithile kwiiseli zomhlaza, eziphazamisa ukwanda kwazo okungaqhelekanga. Ngokomzekelo, ekudibaneni kwe-cephalosporin - uhlobo oluthile lwe-antibiotics, ukuguqulwa kweqela le-cyano kwiqela le-carboxylic acid linyathelo eliphambili ekudaleni isithako esisebenzayo soxubo-mayeza.

Ulwakhiwo lwaMathambo aMathambo eMolekyuli

I-sodium cyanide ibalulekile ekwakheni izakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo zeemolekyuli. Ukwenziwa kwevithamini B12, isondlo esibalulekileyo kwimpilo yomntu, kuxhomekeke ekudityanisweni kweqela le-cyano kunye nee-ion ze-cobalt. Olu lungelelwaniso lubalulekile ekwakheni isakhiwo esikhethekileyo sevithamini B12. esibalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwemithambo-luvo kunye nokwenziwa kwe-DNA. Ekudityanisweni kwee-β - blockers ezifana ne-propranolol, i-sodium cyanide isetyenziselwa ukungenisa ikhonkco eliphambili elisecaleni. Le khonkco elisecaleni linoxanduva lokuba ichiza likwazi ukuthintela ii-beta - adrenergic receptors, ngaloo ndlela linciphisa izinga lentliziyo kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi. Omnye umzekelo kukwenziwa kweyeza elilwa nomhlaza i-5 - fluorouracil. I-sodium cyanide ibandakanyeka ekwakhiweni kwendandatho ye-pyrimidine, echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo umsebenzi weyeza wokulwa nomhlaza. Ulungiselelo oluchanekileyo lweeathom kwindandatho ye-pyrimidine, oluqhutywa kukusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kwinkqubo yokwenziwa, luvumela i-5 - fluorouracil ukuba iphazamise ukwenziwa kwe-DNA kunye ne-RNA kwiiseli zomhlaza.

Ukuqhuba iintshukumo ezingundoqo zeMichiza

Cyanidation Reaction

I-sodium cyanide ithatha inxaxheba kwiimpendulo zokutshintshwa kwe-nucleophilic (ezifana ne-SN2). Kule mpendulo, iqela le-cyano lingathatha indawo ye-athomu ye-halogen ye-halogenated hydro Carbon ukuze lenze i-nitrile compound. Umzekelo, ekuqulunqweni kwe-chloroquine yeziyobisi zokulwa ne-malaria, i-α-chloro valeronitrile, i-intermediate, yenziwa ngempendulo enjalo. Iqela le-nitrile kwi-α-chloro valeronitrile linokutshintshwa ngakumbi ngeempendulo ezilandelayo ukwakha isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi se-chloroquine, esisebenzayo ekunyangeni i-malaria ngokuphazamisa indlela yokukhupha i-heme ye-parasite.

Strecker Synthesis

Le mpendulo ibandakanya i-sodium cyanide esabelayo kunye ne-aldehyde/ketone kunye ne-ammonia ukwenza i-α - amino nitrile, enokuthi ifakwe i-hydrolyzed ukufumana i-amino acid. Ii-amino acids ziibhloko zokwakha zamachiza eprotheyini. Ngokomzekelo, i-alanine, i-amino acid, inokwenziwa ngokuphendula kwe-Strecker. Kushishino lwamayeza, ii-amino acids ezingezizo ezendalo nezendalo ezidityaniswe ngolu hlobo zisetyenziswa njengezithako ezisebenzayo ngokwazo okanye njengeziphakathi ezibalulekileyo kwiimolekyuli zamachiza ezintsonkothileyo. Ezinye iziyobisi peptide - ngokusekelwe amino acids ezidityanisiweyo kusetyenziswa sodium cyanide - reactioned mediated ukuphumeza iziphumo zabo zonyango, ezifana kwimeko ethile insulin analogs apho ulandelelwano oluchanekileyo kunye nolwakhiwo amino acid, kuquka ezo ziphuma Strecker - uhlobo syntheses, zibalulekile ukuze glucose efanelekileyo - umsebenzi olawulayo.

Ukusabela ngebhayisekile

Iqela le-cyano lingathatha inxaxheba kwi-intramolecular cyclization ukwenza i-nitrogen - equkethe i-heterocycles, njenge-pyridine kunye ne-pyrimidine. Ezi zakhiwo zifumaneka ngokubanzi kumachiza e-antiviral afana ne-oseltamivir (Tamiflu) kunye ne-anti-AIDS amachiza. Kwi-oseltamivir, i-pyrimidine ring, eyenziwe ngoncedo lweempendulo ezibandakanya iqela le-cyano kwi-sodium cyanide, ibalulekile kwikhono leyeza lokuthintela i-enzym ye-influenza virus neuraminidase. Esi sithintelo sithintela intsholongwane ukuba ingakhutshwa kwiiseli ezosulelekileyo, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa ukusasazeka kwale ntsholongwane ngaphakathi emzimbeni. Kwimichiza echasene ne-AIDS, i-nitrogen - equlethe i-heterocycles inokunxibelelana ne-enzyme ye-reverse transcriptase yentsholongwane ye-HIV, ivimbela inkqubo yayo yokuphindaphinda.

Ulawulo loMgangatho kunye noLawulo loKhuseleko

Ngenxa yetyhefu egqithisileyo ye-sodium cyanide, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kumashishini amayeza kulawulwa ngokungqongqo:

Ulawulo lwenkqubo epheleleyo

Ukususela ekuthengeni i-sodium cyanide kwisitoreji kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo, yonke imisebenzi kufuneka ihambelane "neMimiselo yoLawulo loKhuseleko lweMichiza enobungozi." Iinkqubo zokutshixa kabini umntu kabini zidla ngokuphunyezwa, apho abantu ababini abagunyazisiweyo kufuneka bafikelele kwisodium cyanide egciniweyo ngaxeshanye. Ukujongwa kwexesha lokwenyani kukwasetyenziswa ukulandelela ubungakanani kunye nendawo yesodium cyanide ngawo onke amaxesha. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba naluphi na ufikelelo olungagunyaziswanga okanye ukuvuza okunokwenzeka kunokubonwa ngoko nangoko. Ngokomzekelo, kwiziko lokuvelisa amayeza, iinzwa zifakwe kwiindawo zokugcina ukuze zibone ukuxinwa kwe-cyanide emoyeni, kwaye ukufikelela kwindawo yokugcina kuthintelwe ngokusebenzisa ukuqinisekiswa kwe-biometric kunye neekhowudi zokhuseleko, kunye neerekhodi zazo zonke iziganeko zokufikelela zifakwe.

Inkqubo yokuPhucula

Itekhnoloji ephucukileyo efana ne-microchannel reactors iya isetyenziswa kakhulu. IMicrochannel reactors ibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi. Banokulawula ngokuchanekileyo iimeko zokusabela, ezifana neqondo lobushushu, uxinzelelo, kunye namazinga okuqukuqela okusabelayo, kwinqanaba elincinci. Oku akunciphisi kuphela umngcipheko wokuvezwa kwe-sodium cyanide njengoko iimpendulo zenzeka kwindawo equlathekileyo kwaye elawulwayo kodwa kuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokukhetha. Umzekelo, kwimpendulo ebandakanya i-sodium cyanide ukudibanisa ichiza elithile eliphakathi, i-microchannel reactor inokuqinisekisa ukuba impendulo iqhubeka nesivuno esiphezulu semveliso efunekayo ngelixa unciphisa ukwakheka kweemveliso ezingafunwayo, ezinokuqulatha intsalela yecyanide.

Ukuphononongwa kweeTechnologies ezizezinye

Ngomzamo wokunciphisa iingozi zendalo, iindlela eziluhlaza ezifana ne-biocatalysis (ukusebenzisa i-enzymes njenge-nitrile hydratase) kunye ne-electrochemical cyanidation zihlolwa. I-Biocatalysis ibonelela ngendlela ehambelana nokusingqongileyo ngakumbi njengoko isebenzisa ii-enzymes ukuvuselela ukusabela phantsi kweemeko ezibuthathaka. I-Nitrile hydratase inokuguqula i-nitriles (enokuthi ithathwe kwi-sodium cyanide-based reactions) ibe yi-amides ngaphandle kwesidingo se-reagents yeekhemikhali ezinzima. I-Electrochemical cyanidation, ngakolunye uhlangothi, inokunciphisa inani le-sodium cyanide esetyenziswayo ngokuvumela ukuphendula okusebenzayo kunye nokujoliswe kuyo ngokusetyenziswa kombane wangoku. Nangona obu buchwepheshe bungenye busekwinqanaba lophuhliso kwezinye iimeko, banesithembiso esikhulu sekamva leshishini loxubo-mayeza ekunciphiseni ukuthembela kwalo kwi-sodium cyanide enetyhefu kakhulu ngelixa ligcina amandla okudibanisa amachiza.

IiNdlela zexesha elizayo: Ukulungelelanisa uKhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle

Ukuqhelaniswa neChemistry eluhlaza

Ikamva lokusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kwishishini lamayeza lilele ekuphuhliseni i-cyanide - iindlela zokusabela zasimahla. Enye indlela kukusebenzisa metal - organic frameworks (MOFs). Ii-MOF zizinto ezixubileyo ezinezakhiwo ezizodwa ezinokukhetha ngokukhetha kwaye zivule iqela le-cyano. Oku kuvumela ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kweqela le-cyano ekuphenduleni ngelixa kunciphisa inani elipheleleyo le-sodium cyanide efunekayo njengento eluhlaza. Ngokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziluhlaza, oku akunciphisi kuphela impembelelo yokusingqongileyo ehambelana ne-sodium cyanide kodwa inokunciphisa iindleko zokuvelisa. Umzekelo, kuphononongo lwelabhoratri-isikali, ii-MOFs zasetyenziselwa ukuphembelela ukusabela okufuna i-sodium cyanide. Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba i-MOF - i-catalyzed reaction inokufikelela kwisivuno esifanayo semveliso efunwayo kunye nesixa esincitshisiweyo kakhulu segalelo le-sodium cyanide.

Ukubeka esweni okukrelekrele

Ukudibanisa i-AI kunye ne-sensor technologies yenye indlela evelayo. I-AI - i-algorithms enikwe amandla inokuhlalutya idatha evela kwi-sensors ebeka iliso kwi-residu ye-cyanide kwinkqubo yokusabela ngexesha langempela. Oku kuqinisekisa ubunyulu kunye nokhuseleko lwamachiza. Umzekelo, abenzi boluvo banokubona umkhondo we-cyanide kumxube wokusabela okanye kwimveliso yechiza lokugqibela. Idatha evela kula ma-sensor ke ifakwe kwinkqubo ye-AI, ekwazi ukuhlalutya ngokukhawuleza idatha kwaye inikeze izilumkiso ukuba amanqanaba e-cyanide adlula imida evumelekileyo. Le nkqubo yokuhlola ekrelekrele inokuqikelela imiba enokubakho kwinkqubo yokusabela ngokusekwe kwidatha yembali kunye nentsingiselo yexesha lokwenyani, ivumela uhlengahlengiso olusebenzayo ukuba lwenziwe ukuqinisekisa umgangatho kunye nokhuseleko lweemveliso zoxubo mayeza.

Ukuqukumbela, i-sodium cyanide idlala "indima emibini" kwishishini lamayeza. Zombini zingumqhubi ophambili wokuqalwa kweziyobisi, okwenza kube lula ukudityaniswa koluhlu olubanzi lobomi - ukusindisa kunye nempilo - ukuphuculwa kwamayeza, kunye nento eyingozi efuna ukhathalelo olukhulu ekuphatheni. Ngobuchule obuqhubekayo bezobuchwepheshe kunye nolawulo olungqongqo lokhuseleko, ukusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kwishishini loxubo mayeza kuguqukela kwikamva elikhuselekileyo nelisebenzayo, libonelela ngempembelelo ebalulekileyo eluntwini ekulweni nezifo.