Cyanide Leaching process muGoridhe Mining: Iyo Yakazara Maitiro kubva Kuparara kusvika Kudzoreredza

ziviso

Kutorwa kwegoridhe kubva mumatombo ayo yave iri nyaya inofadza zvikuru kwemazana emakore. Pakati penzira dzakasiyana-siyana dziripo, Cyanide leaching yakabuda seimwe yenzira dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukutengesa Kuchera goridhe industry. Iyi nzira inobvumira kunyungudutswa kwakanaka kwegoridhe kubva mumidziyo yayo yekugamuchira, zvichiita kuti zvikwanise kudzoreredza simbi yakakosha mune imwe fomu yakanyungudika. Chinyorwa ichi chichaongorora zvizere mashandiro ecyanide leaching mukucherwa kwegoridhe, kubva pakatanga kunyungudutswa kwegoridhe mumhinduro dzecyanide kusvika pakudzoreredzwa kwesimbi.

Kuparara kweGoridhe muCyanide Solutions

Kemikari Reactions Inobatanidzwa

Kunyungudika kwegoridhe mucyanide mhinduro kunobva pane dzakaoma dzakatevedzana dzemakemikari reactions. Iyo yese reaction inogona kumiririrwa neinotevera equation:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH

Mukuita uku, goridhe (Au) rinoita ne Sodium cyanide (NaCN) pamberi peokisijeni (O₂) nemvura (H₂O) kugadzira sodium dicyanoaurate (Na[Au(CN)₂]) uye sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Basa reokisijeni mukuita uku kwakakosha sezvo ichiita seanoxidizing, kufambisa kunyungudika kwegoridhe.

Conditions for Optimal Dissolution

Kuti kunyungudika kwakanaka kwegoridhe, mamiriro akati wandei anoda kunyatsodzorwa. Kuiswa kwe cyanide mumhinduro chinhu chakakosha. Kazhinji, huwandu hwe0.05 - 0.1% NaCN inoshandiswa mukuita leaching. Kuwanda kwepamusoro kunogona kukonzera kuwedzera kushandiswa kwecyanide pasina kuwedzera kwakaenzana mukunyunguduka kwegoridhe, nepo kudzika kwakadzika kunogona kukonzera kunonoka uye kusakwana leaching.

Iyo pH yemhinduro inoitawo basa rakakosha. The leaching process inonyanya kushanda muine alkaline medium, ine pH range ye 9.5 - 11. Pa pH iyi, maion e cyanide aripo mu un-dissociated form (HCN), iyo inonyanya kuita reactive kune goridhe. Kugadzirisa pH kunowanzo kuwanikwa nekuwedzera lime (CaO) kune iyo leaching solution.

Tembiricha imwe inokosha parameter. Kunyangwe maitiro acho achigona kuitika pane ambient tembiricha, tembiricha yakakwira zvishoma inosvika 25 - 35°C inogona kuwedzera mwero wekunyungudika kwegoridhe. Nekudaro, kuwedzera tembiricha yakawandisa kunogona kutungamirira mukuora kwecyanide, kuderedza kushanda kwayo.

Pre-kurapwa Ores

Kupwanya uye Kukuya

Isati yatanga cyanide leaching process, ores ane goridhe anofanira kufanogadziriswa. Nhanho yekutanga mune iyi pre-kurapwa kazhinji Kupwanya uye vachikuya. Zvicherwa zvinopwanywa kuti zvideredze hukuru hwazvo zvobva zvagayiwa kuita zvidimbu zvidimbu. Izvi zvinowedzera pamusoro penzvimbo ye ore, zvichiita kuti pave nekubatana kwakanaka pakati pezvimedu zvegoridhe nemushonga wecyanide panguva yekuita leaching.

Chiyero chekukuya chinonyatsodzorwa. Kunyanya-kukuya kunogona kutungamirira pakuumbwa kwemavara akanaka, izvo zvinogona kukonzera matambudziko panguva inotevera yakasimba-mvura yekuparadzanisa matanho. Nekune rimwe divi, kusagaya-kugaya kunogona kuguma nekusakwana kuratidzwa kwezvidimbu zvegoridhe, zvichitungamira kune kusakwana kudonha.

Kugocha uye Bio-oxidation

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, ores yegoridhe inogona kunge iine zvicherwa zvinodzivirira zvinodzivirira kunyungudika kwegoridhe necyanide. Kune akadaro ores, dzimwe nzira dzekutanga kurapwa dzakadai sekugocha kana bio-oxidation dzingadikanwa.

Kugocha kunosanganisira kudziyisa ore pamberi pemhepo kuti iite oxidize zvicherwa zvinoramba, senge sulfides. Iyi oxidation process inopwanya zvicherwa, ichiburitsa zvimedu zvegoridhe uye zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuwanika kune cyanide solution.

Bio-oxidation, kune rumwe rutivi, inoshandisa tupukanana kuita oxidize iyo refractory minerals. Iyi ndiyo imwe nzira inochengetedza zvakatipoteredza yekugocha sezvo ichishanda pane tembiricha yakaderera uye ichiburitsa mashoma anokuvadza. Iwo ma microorganisms, kazhinji mabhakitiriya kana fungi, anosarudzwa zvichibva pakukwanisa kwavo kusanganisa maminerari anoramba aripo mune ore.

Iyo Leaching process

Yakamutswa Tangi Leaching

Stirred tank leaching ndiyo imwe yenzira dzinowanzo shandiswa cyanide leaching. Mukuita uku, ore isati yagadziriswa inosanganiswa ne cyanide solution mumatangi makuru akamutswa. Matangi akashongedzerwa nemaagitators anovimbisa kunyatsosanganiswa kweore nemhinduro, achisimudzira kusangana pakati pezvimedu zvegoridhe neiyo cyanide ions.

Iyo leaching nguva inogona kusiyana zvichienderana nemhando yeore uye mamiriro ekushanda. Kazhinji, iyo leaching process inogona kutora chero kubva maawa akati wandei kusvika mazuva akati wandei. Panguva ino, sampuli dzealeachate dzinotorwa nguva nenguva uye dzinoongororwa kuti dzitarise mafambiro ekuparara kwegoridhe.

Heap Leaching

Heap leaching ndiyo imwe nzira inoshandiswa zvakanyanya, kunyanya kune yakaderera-giredhi goridhe ores. Mukuita uku, simbi yakapwanyika inoturikidzwa mumirwi mikuru pane liner isingapindiki. Mushonga wecyanide unobva wapfapfaidzwa pamusoro pemurwi uye wotenderwa kuti upinde mukati mesimbi. Sezvo mushonga unopfuura nepamurwi, unonyungudutsa zvimedu zvegoridhe, uye mhedzisiro yemushonga wepamuviri inounganidzwa pazasi pemurwi.

Heap leaching inzira inodhura-inoshanda kana ichienzaniswa ne Stired tank leaching sezvo zvinoda shoma mari mari mumidziyo. Nekudaro, idanho rinononoka uye rinonyanya kukodzera kune ores ine yakaderera yegoridhe yemukati.

Solid-Liquid Separation

Kuchenesa

Mushure mokunge nzira yekuchenesa yapera, danho rinotevera nderokuparadzanisa zvakasara zvakasimba (tailings) kubva pamushonga wepamuviri, une goridhe rakanyungudutswa. Kusefa ndiyo imwe yenzira dzinowanzo shandiswa pakupatsanura kwakasimba-mvura. Mukuita uku, slurry (musanganiswa wekusimba uye mvura) inopfuudzwa nepakati pesefa, sejira resefa kana sefa yekutsikirira. Izvo zvimedu zvakasimba zvinochengetwa pane sefa yepakati, nepo mvura (yepamuviri mhinduro) ichipfuura uye inounganidzwa.

Kusarudzwa kwesefa yepakati kunoenderana nemhando yezvikamu zvakasimba uye mamiriro ekushanda. Semuyenzaniso, mumamiriro ezvinhu apo zvimedu zvakasimba zvakanyatsonaka, jira rakanyanya - meshed sefa rinogona kudiwa.

Decanation

Decantation ndiyo imwe nzira inogona kushandiswa pakupatsanurwa kwakasimba-mvura, kunyanya kana zvimedu zvakasimba zvakakura uye zvinogara zviri nyore. Muchiitiko ichi, slurry inobvumirwa kumira mune tangi yekugadzirisa kwenguva yakati. Zvimedu zvakasimba zvinogara pasi petangi nekuda kwegiravhiti, uye iyo yakajeka supernatant fluid (pregnant solution) inobva yanyatsobviswa.

Decantation iri nyore uye shoma simba - yakadzika nzira kana ichienzaniswa nekusefa. Zvisinei, inogona kusashanda zvakanyanya mukuparadzanisa zvimedu zvakasimba zvakasimba.

Kudzoreredzwa kweGoridhe kubva kune Yepamuviri Solution

Activated Carbon Adsorption

Imwe yedzakajairika nzira dzekudzorera goridhe kubva kune nhumbu mhinduro ndeye Activated carbon adsorption. Mukuita uku, activated carbon inowedzerwa kune mhinduro ine pamuviri. Iyo yegoridhe - cyanide yakaoma ine hukama hwakasimba hwepamusoro peiyo activated kabhoni, uye semhedzisiro, iyo goridhe inoshambadzirwa pane kabhoni particles.

Iyo carbon particles inobva yaparadzaniswa kubva kune mhinduro, kazhinji nekuongorora kana kusefa. Iyo goridhe - yakatakurwa kabhoni inozogadziriswazve kuti ibvise goridhe. Izvi zvinowanzoitwa nekuisa pasi kabhoni kune yakakwirira-tembiricha kurapa chiutsi kana nekushandisa kemikari desorption agent.

Zinc Precipitation

Kunaya kweZinc, inozivikanwawo seMerrill - Crowe process, imwe nzira yekudzoreredza goridhe. Muchiitiko ichi, guruva rezinc rinowedzerwa kumushonga wepamuviri. Zinc yakanyanya electropositive kupfuura goridhe, uye semhedzisiro, inobvisa goridhe kubva kugoridhe - cyanide yakaoma. Mhinduro yacho inogona kumiririrwa neinotevera equation:

2Na[Au(CN)₂] + Zn → 2Au + Na₂[Zn(CN)₄]

Iyo goridhe yakanaya, pamwe chete nechero zinc isina kubatwa, inoumba dhaka rakasimba. Iri dope rinobva raparadzaniswa nemushonga, uye goridhe rinowedzerwazve kuti riwane chigadzirwa chakachena.

Kunatswa kweGoridhe

Kusveta

Kana goridhe radzorerwa kubva pamushonga wepamuviri, kazhinji inoda kunatswa kubvisa chero tsvina yakasara. Kunyungudutsa ndiyo imwe yenzira dzakajairika dzekunatsa goridhe. Muchiitiko ichi, goridhe - rine zvinhu zvinopisa kune kupisa kwepamusoro muhupo hwekuyerera, se borax. Iyo inoyerera inobatsira kudzikisa nzvimbo yakanyunguduka yegoridhe uye zvakare inopindirana netsvina, ichigadzira slag inogona kupatsanurwa kubva kugoridhe rakanyungudutswa.

Ndarama yakanyungudutswa inobva yadirwa muforoma kuita ingots. Aya ingots anogona kufambiswazve kana kutengeswa semi-yakapera chigadzirwa.

Electrolytic Refining

Electrolytic refining inzira yepamusoro yekunatsa goridhe. Mukuita uku, iyo goridhe - ine anode inoiswa musero re electrolytic pamwe chete negoridhe rakachena cathode. Iyo electrolyte inowanzoita mhinduro yegoridhe chloride kana imwe goridhe munyu. Kana magetsi achipfuura nemusero, goridhe kubva muanode inonyungudika ichipinda mu electrolyte yozoisa pane cathode.

Tsvina ine electropositive yakawanda kupfuura goridhe inonyungudika mu electrolyte asi isingaisi pa cathode, nepo tsvina ine electropositive shoma pane goridhe inosara semarara pasi pesero. Izvi zvinoguma nepamusoro-soro - kuchena kwegoridhe chigadzirwa.

Kufunga Kwakatipoteredza

Cyanide Management

Cyanide chinhu chine muchetura zvakanyanya, uye kutonga kwakaringana kwecyanide mukucherwa kwegoridhe kwakakosha zvakanyanya. Kushandiswa kwecyanide mumigodhi yegoridhe kunodzorwa zvakanyanya munyika dzakawanda kuderedza kukanganisa kwayo kwezvakatipoteredza uye hutano hwevanhu.

Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvekutarisira cyanide ndiko kudzivirira kupera kwe cyanide. Mabasa emigodhi anodiwa kuve nemasisitimu ekuchengetedza akakodzera ekudzivirira cyanide - ine zvigadziriso kubva pakudonha mukati menharaunda. Mukuwedzera, kurapwa kwecyanide - ine tsvina yemvura kwakakosha zvakare. Pane nzira dzakati wandei dziripo dzekurapa cyanide - ine tsvina, semakemikari oxidation, biological treatment, uye ion exchange.

Tailings Disposal

Iyo yakasimba yakasara (tailings) inogadzirwa mushure mekudzoreredza goridhe process inodawo kuraswa nemazvo. Micheka inogona kuva nematehwe e cyanide nemamwe masimbi anorema, ayo anogona kuunza njodzi kune zvakatipoteredza kana akasabatwa nemazvo.

Imwe nzira yakajairika yekurasa miswe ndeyekuichengeta mumadhamu. Aya madhamu akagadzirwa kuti ave nemiswe uye kudzivirira kuburitswa kwezvinosvibisa munzvimbo. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, matailings anogona zvakare kugadziridzwa kuti atore chero akasara akakosha zvicherwa kana kuderedza kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza.

mhedziso

Iyo cyanide leaching process mukucherwa kwegoridhe inonetsa uye yakawanda-nhanho maitiro anosanganisira kunyungudutswa kwegoridhe mucyanide mhinduro, pre - kurapwa kweores, leaching, yakasimba - kupatsanurwa kwemvura, kudzoreredza goridhe, kunatsa, uye kutonga kwezvakatipoteredza. Imwe neimwe nhanho mukuita uku inodzorwa zvine hungwaru kuti ive nechokwadi chekudhirowa uye kudzoreredza kwegoridhe uku ichideredza kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza. Pasinei nematambudziko ane chokuita nekushandiswa kwecyanide, nzira yacho inoramba iri nzira yakakosha uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumabhizimisi ekutengeserana kwegoridhe nekuda kwekushanda kwayo kwakanyanya uye kudhura kwakaderera. Nekudaro, kuenderera mberi kutsvagisa nekusimudzira kuri kuitwa kugadzira dzimwe nzira dzinoenderana nenharaunda uye dzinogara.