Ukuthelekiswa phakathi kwe-Atmospheric kunye ne-Pressure Leaching kwi-Gold Mine ye-Cyanidation Process

1. intshayelelo

I-Cyanidation yinkqubo esetyenziswa kakhulu ekukhupheni igolide kwi-ore. Phakathi kweendlela zayo ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza, i-atmospheric leaching kunye ne-pressure leaching ziindlela ezimbini ezibalulekileyo. Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwazo kubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono inkqubo yokukhupha igolide, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokunciphisa iindleko. Eli nqaku liza kwenza uthelekiso oluneenkcukacha phakathi kwe-atmospheric leaching kunye ne-pressure leaching kwinkqubo ye-cyanidation yemigodi yegolide.

2. Umgaqo weCyanidation Leaching

Ukutsalwa kwe-cyanidation kusekelwe kwindlela igolide esabela ngayo xa kukho i-cyanide xa kukho ioksijini. I-equation yekhemikhali ngokubanzi yile ilandelayo:

4Au + 8CN⁻+ O₂ + 2H₂O → 4[Au(CN)₂]⁻+ 4OH⁻

Kule mpendulo, igolide yenza igolide enyibilikayo - i-cyanide complexes, enokwahlulwa ngakumbi kwaye ibuyiselwe. Nokuba kukwi-atmospheric okanye kuxinzelelo lwe-leaching, lo mgaqo-siseko wokusabela uhlala ufana. Nangona kunjalo, iimeko zokusabela kunye ne-kinetics zichatshazelwa yinto yoxinzelelo.

3. Uthelekiso lwe-Leaching Efficiency

3.1 I-Atmospheric Leaching

I-atmospheric leaching idla ngokusebenza kumaqondo obushushu kunye noxinzelelo. Kwezinye iintsimbi zegolide ezilula, ezifana nezo zinexabiso eliphezulu legolide yokusila, i-atmospheric leaching inokufikelela kwiziphumo ezilungileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kwii-ores eziyinkimbinkimbi eziqulethe isixa esikhulu seeminerali ze-sulfide okanye ezinye izinto eziphikisayo, ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-leaching ye-atmospheric leaching kuhlala kulinganiselwe. Ireyithi yokusabela ecothayo kunye nokungafezeki okungaphelelanga kunokukhokelela kwiqondo eliphantsi legolide lokuvuza. Ngokomzekelo, xa usebenzisana ne-ores yegolide equkethe i-pyrite, i-sulfure kwi-pyrite inokusabela nge-oksijini kunye ne-cyanide ngexesha lokuhamba kwe-atmospheric, idla i-oksijini kunye ne-cyanide, kwaye ngaloo ndlela inqanda ukuchithwa kwegolide. Ngokubanzi, izinga legolide lokuvuza kwi-atmospheric leaching limalunga nama-60% - 85% kwiintsimbi eziqhelekileyo.

3.2 UkuLeaching ngoxinzelelo

Uxinzelelo loxinzelelo, kwelinye icala, lwenziwa phantsi kweemeko zoxinzelelo eziphakamileyo. Ukunyuka koxinzelelo kunokunyusa kakhulu ukunyibilika kweoksijini kwisisombululo se-leaching. Ngokomthetho kaHenry, uxinzelelo oluphezulu lukhokelela kuxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-oksijini, oluye lwandisa ukuxinwa kwe-oksijini echithiweyo kwisisombululo. Le oksijini enyibilikisiweyo ephezulu inokukhawulezisa i-oxidation yegolide kunye nokwakhiwa kwegolide-i-cyanide complexes. Kwintsimbi ekrwada yegolide ekhanyelwayo, ukuvuza koxinzelelo kunokwaphula izakhiwo ezichasayo zeeminerali zesulfide, ziveze igolide ethe kratya kwisisombululo sokuvuza. Ngenxa yoko, izinga lokuvuza kwegolide linokuphuculwa ngokufanelekileyo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba kwezinye iintsimbi ezikrwada zegolide, izinga legolide lokutsalwa koxinzelelo loxinzelelo lingafikelela ngaphezulu kwe-90%, nokuya kuthi ga kwi-95% phantsi kweemeko eziphuculweyo.

4. Uthelekiso lweeMeko zokusabela

4.1 Ubushushu

• Ukuntywila komoya : Ngokwesiqhelo kusebenza kubushushu obuphakathi okanye kufutshane nobushushu, ngesiqhelo malunga nama-25°C. Ekubeni impendulo ingaqhutywa bubushushu obuphezulu, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okufudumeza kuphantsi. Nangona kunjalo, ubushushu obuphantsi buthetha ukuba izinga lokuphendula licotha kakhulu.

• Ukutsalwa koxinzelelo : Ngokubanzi kufuna ubushushu obuphezulu. Ubushushu buhlala buphakathi kwama-80 - 150°C. Ubushushu obuphezulu bunokukhawulezisa izinga lokusabela kweekhemikhali, kodwa bukwafuna igalelo lamandla ongezelelweyo ukufudumeza inkqubo yokutsalwa koxinzelelo.

4.2 Uxinzelelo lweCyanide

• Ukuhluzwa komoya : Uxinzelelo lwe-cyanide kwisisombululo sokuhluzwa ludla ngokuba phakathi kwe-0.02% - 0.1%. Kwiintsimbi ezinomthamo ophezulu wokungcola, uxinano oluphezulu lwe-cyanide lunokufuneka ukuqinisekisa isiphumo sokuhluzwa, kodwa oku kuya kunyusa iindleko kunye nomngcipheko wokusingqongileyo.

• Ukutsalwa koxinzelelo : Ngenxa ye-reaction kinetics eyongeziweyo phantsi koxinzelelo, uxinaniso lwe-cyanide olufunekayo lunokuba ngaphantsi, ngokubanzi malunga ne-0.01% - 0.05%. Oku akunciphisi nje kuphela ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide kodwa kunciphisa nempembelelo yokusingqongileyo ebangelwa ziintsalela ze-cyanide.

5. Ukuthelekiswa kweeMfuno zeZixhobo kunye neeNdleko

5.1 IiMfuno zeZixhobo

• Ukucocwa komoya : Izixhobo zokucocwa komoya zilula kakhulu. Ngokuyintloko ziquka iitanki zokucocwa, izixhobo zokucocwa, kunye nezixhobo zokungenisa umoya. Iitanki zokucocwa azidingi ukumelana noxinzelelo oluphezulu, ngoko ke izixhobo zazo zokwenza kunye neendleko ziphantsi kakhulu. Izixhobo zokucocwa zisetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuxubana okufanayo kwe-ore pulp, isisombululo se-cyanide, kunye ne-oxygen, kwaye iimfuno zamandla azo kunye nokumelana nokugqwala aziphezulu kakhulu.

• Ukucocwa koxinzelelo : Ukucocwa koxinzelelo kufuna izixhobo ezikhethekileyo ezimelana noxinzelelo, ezifana nee-autoclaves. I-autoclave kufuneka yenziwe ngezinto ze-alloy ezinamandla aphezulu ukuze imelane noxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye neendawo ezinobushushu obuphezulu. Ukongeza, ikwaxhotyiswe ngeenkqubo zolawulo loxinzelelo oluntsonkothileyo, ulawulo lobushushu, kunye nokhuseleko. Uyilo kunye nokuveliswa kwezi zixhobo kuntsonkothile ngakumbi kwaye kufuna amanqanaba aphezulu obuchwephesha.

Iindleko ezingama-5.2

• Ukucocwa komoya : Iindleko zokuqala zotyalo-mali kwizixhobo zokucocwa komoya ziphantsi kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuphantsi kokucocwa komoya kunye nexesha elide lokucocwa komoya, iindleko zokusebenza ngokubhekiselele kubasebenzi, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okusebenzisa ixesha elide, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide zinokuba phezulu kakhulu ekuhambeni kwexesha.

• Ukucocwa koxinzelelo : Utyalo-mali lokuqala kwizixhobo zokucocwa koxinzelelo luphezulu kakhulu ngenxa yee-autoclaves ezibizayo ezingamelani noxinzelelo kunye neenkqubo zolawulo ezintsonkothileyo. Kodwa xa ucinga ngokusebenza kwayo okuphezulu kokucocwa koxinzelelo kunye nexesha elifutshane lokucocwa koxinzelelo, iindleko zokusebenza ngokubanzi ngokubhekiselele kumandla emveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zinokuba nomtsalane ngakumbi ekucutshungulweni kwe-ore enkulu neyi-refractory.

6. Impembelelo yokusingqongileyo

6.1 Intsalela yeCyanide

• Ukucocwa komoya : Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, ukucocwa komoya kungadinga ubuninzi be-cyanide, nto leyo enokubangela ukuba kubekho iintsalela ze-cyanide ezininzi kwiintsalela. I-Cyanide inobungozi kakhulu, kwaye unyango olungafanelekanga lwe-cyanide - olunezintsalela lunokuba yingozi enkulu kwindalo esingqongileyo nakwimpilo yabantu.

• Ukucocwa koxinzelelo : Xa i-cyanide isetyenziswa kancinci, ukucocwa koxinzelelo kuvelisa intsalela encinci ye-cyanide kwiintsalela. Oku kunciphisa umngcipheko wokusingqongileyo onxulunyaniswa nongcoliseko lwe-cyanide ukuya kwinqanaba elithile.

6.2 UkuSetyenziswa koMbane kunye nokuKhutshwa koMbane

• Ukufunxa umoya : Nangona kusetyenziswa amandla aphantsi ekufudumaleni, ukusebenza ixesha elide ukuze kufunyanwe iziphumo zokufunxa umoya ezanelisayo kunokusebenzisa amandla amaninzi ombane ukuze kuvuselelwe kwaye kuvuthe umoya. Ngokuphathelele ukukhutshwa komoya, ukuba inkqubo yokukhupha umoya ayilawulwa kakuhle, inokubangela ukukhululwa kweegesi ezinobungozi eziveliswa yimpendulo.

• Ukucocwa koxinzelelo : Ukusebenza koxinzelelo oluphezulu noluphezulu kufuna amandla amaninzi okufaka ubushushu nokugcina inkqubo yoxinzelelo. Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza kwayo okusebenzayo kuthetha ukuba kwimveliso efanayo yegolide, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngokubanzi ngeyunithi nganye yegolide kunokuthelekiswa okanye kube ngaphantsi kunoko kucocwa komoya xa kujongwa amandla aphezulu emveliso. Ngokuphathelele ukukhutshwa komoya, ukuba inkqubo yoxinzelelo ivalwe kakuhle, ukukhutshwa kweegesi eziyingozi kunokulawulwa ngcono.

7. Isiphelo

Isishwankathelo, zombini i-atmospheric kunye noxinzelelo oluphumayo kwinkqubo ye-cyanidation yegolide ineempawu zazo. I-Atmospheric leaching ifanelekile kwii-ores zegolide ezilula kunye notyalo-mali oluphantsi kwizixhobo ekuqaleni, kodwa inemida ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwe-ores enzima. Uxinzelelo loxinzelelo, ngokuchaseneyo, lubonisa iingenelo ezinkulu ekujonganeni neentsimbi zegolide ezichasayo, ngokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kokuvuza, ukusetyenziswa okuphantsi kwecyanide, kunye nefuthe elincinci lokusingqongileyo ngokweentsalela zecyanide. Nangona kunjalo, ifuna izixhobo zexabiso eliphezulu kunye nokusebenza okuntsonkothileyo kunye nokugcinwa. Xa ukhetha indlela yokucoca, amashishini ezimayini kufuneka aqwalasele ngokubanzi izinto ezifana nezakhiwo zentsimbi, isikali semveliso, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lotyalo-mali, kunye neemfuno zokusingqongileyo ukwenza esona sigqibo sifanelekileyo.