Impembelelo yokuBambisana kweSodium Cyanide kunye neSodium Chloride kwiLeaching

1. intshayelelo

Kwicandelo le-metallurgy, ingakumbi ekukhutshweni kweentsimbi ezixabisekileyo ezifana negolide nesilivere, inkqubo yokukhupha i -cyanide ibambe indawo ebalulekileyo. I-Sodium cyanide (NaCN) isetyenziswa kakhulu kuba inokuyinyibilikisa igolide nesilivere kwiintsimbi. Nangona kunjalo, kwiindawo ezininzi ze-ore, izinto ezahlukeneyo zihlala kunye, kwaye i-sodium chloride (NaCl) yenye yeetyuwa ezihamba nayo. Ukuqonda impembelelo yokubakho kwe-(NaCN) kunye ne-(NaCl) kwinkqubo yokukhupha kubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono ukusebenza kakuhle kokukhupha, ukunciphisa iindleko, kunye nokunciphisa iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo. Eli nqaku lijolise ekuhlolisiseni ngokupheleleyo le ngxaki.

2. Indima yeSodium Cyanide ekuLeaching

2.1 Indlela yokuFamana neMichiza

Ngexesha lenkqubo ye-cyanide leaching, i-cyanide ion idlala indima ephambili ekwenzeni izakhiwo ezinyibilikayo ezineeathom zegolide nezesilivere. I-oksijeni nayo ibalulekile njengoko isebenza njenge-agent e-oxidizing, iququzelela i-oxidation yegolide kunye nesilivere kunye nokukhuthaza ukuchithwa kwabo kwisisombululo se-cyanide. Le ntsebenziswano yemichiza yenza ukuba ezi zinyithi zixabisekileyo zitsalwe kwintsimbi ekrwada.

2.2 Imiba echaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kweSodium Cyanide ekuLeaching

• Uxinaniso lweSodium Cyanide : Uxinaniso lwesodium cyanide luchaphazela kakhulu izinga lokutsalwa kwegolide. Ngokwethiyori, kufuneka isixa esithile seSodium Cyanide ukuze kunyibilikiswe isixa esithile segolide ngokusekelwe kwiimpendulo ze-electrochemical. Nangona kunjalo, ekusebenzeni, ukusetyenziswa kweSodium cyanide kudla ngokuba phezulu kakhulu kunomlinganiselo wethiyori. Kwiinkqubo ezifana neCarbon - in - Pulp (CIP) kunye neCarbon - in - Leach (CIL), uxinaniso lwesodium cyanide luhlala lugcinwe ngaphakathi koluhlu oluthile. Kwii-ores ezintsonkothileyo okanye ezo zinamanqanaba aphezulu okungcola, uxinaniso lunokufuneka lunyuswe ngokufanelekileyo.

• Inqanaba le-pH : I-sodium cyanide i-hydrolyzes kwisisombululo, ivelise i-hydrocyanic acid, igesi enobuthi kakhulu. Ubungakanani be-hydrolysis buxhomekeke kwi-pH yesisombululo. Ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwe-cyanide nge-hydrolysis nokuqinisekisa uzinzo lwesisombululo se-cyanide, i-pH ihlala igcinwa ngaphakathi koluhlu oluthile lwe-alkaline kwizityalo ze-CIP zegolide. Le meko ye-pH ikwachaphazela uxinano olufanelekileyo lwe-sodium cyanide ukuze kuphume igolide ngempumelelo.

• Uxinaniso lweOksijini enyibilikisiweyo : Ioksijini iyimfuneko ekunyibilikeni kwegolide nesilivere kwisisombululo se-cyanide. Le mpendulo ifuna zombini ii-ion ze-cyanide kunye neoksijini. Ukunyibilika okuphezulu kweoksijini kubushushu begumbi kunye noxinzelelo kulinganiselwe. Ukuba uxinaniso lweoksijini enyibilikisiweyo kwi-slurry luphantsi kakhulu, lunokuthintela izinga lokunyibilika kwegolide nesilivere. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, iindlela ezinje ngokufaka umoya kwi-slurry okanye ukongeza i-hydrogen peroxide zingasetyenziswa ukwandisa uxinaniso lweoksijini. Umlinganiselo weoksijini kwi-cyanide ubalulekile; ukungalingani kunokukhokelela ekunciphiseni izinga lokutsalwa.

3. Impembelelo yeSodium Chloride kwiNkqubo yokuLeaching

3.1 Iimpembelelo kwiNdawo yeMichiza

• Amandla e-Ionic kunye ne-Activity Coefficient : Xa i-sodium chloride ikhona kwisisombululo sokukhuhla, yonyusa amandla e-ionic esisombululo. Ngokweethiyori ezifanelekileyo, ukwanda kwamandla e-ionic kunokuchaphazela ii-coefficients zomsebenzi wee-ion kwisisombululo. Kwinkqubo yokukhuhla i-cyanide, olu tshintsho kwii-coefficients zomsebenzi lunokuchaphazela ukulingana kweekhemikhali kweziphumo ezinxulumene nokunyibilika kwegolide nesilivere. Umzekelo, lunokutshintsha uxinzelelo olusebenzayo lwee-ion ze-cyanide ezikhoyo ukuze zisebenze negolide, ngaloo ndlela zichaphazela izinga lokukhuhla.

• Ukhuphiswano lweendawo ezisabelayo : Ii-ion ze-chloride zinokukhuphisana nee-ion ze-cyanide kwiindawo ezisabelayo kumphezulu wee-ore particles. Kwezinye iimeko, ukuba uxinzelelo lwee-ion ze-chloride luphezulu ngokwaneleyo, zinokufunxa kumphezulu wee-particles zegolide okanye zesilivere, zithintele ii-ion ze-cyanide ekufikeleleni kwaye ngaloo ndlela zinciphise ukusebenza kakuhle kokufunxa. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimeko ezithile, ubukho bee-ion ze-chloride bunokuba nefuthe elihle. Umzekelo, kwezinye ii-ores eziqulethe iiminerali zobhedu, ii-ion ze-chloride zinokwenza ii-complexes nge-copper, zinciphise ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide yi-copper kwaye zinokuphucula ukufunxa kwegolide nesilivere.

3.2 Impembelelo ekuLeaching of associated Metals

• I-Copper-Equlathe ii-Ores : Kwii-ores ezinomxholo ophezulu we-copper, iiminerali ze-copper zisabela ngamandla kwi-sodium cyanide, zitya isixa esikhulu se-cyanide. Ubukho be-sodium chloride bunokuchaphazela le mpendulo. Ii-ion ze-chloride zinokwenza ii-complexes nge-copper, kwaye ezi complexes zinokuba nozinzo olwahlukileyo xa kuthelekiswa nee-complexes ze-copper-cyanide. Ukuba ukwenziwa kwee-complexes ze-copper-chloride kuyathandwa, kunokunciphisa isixa se-cyanide esityiwa yi-copper, kushiye i-cyanide engaphezulu ifumaneka ukuze kutsalwe igolide nesilivere.

• Ezinye iiMetals : I-sodium chloride inokunxibelelana nezinye iimetals ezikhoyo kwi-ore, ezifana ne-zinc, i-lead, kunye ne-iron. Umzekelo, ii-ion ze-chloride zinokuphucula ukunyibilika kwezinye ii-zinc kunye nee-lead compounds, ezinokuthi zichaphazele indlela eziziphatha ngayo ngexesha lenkqubo yokukhuhla kunye nempembelelo yazo ekukhuhleni kwegolide nesilivere nge-cyanide. Kwimeko yesinyithi, ubukho bee-ion ze-chloride bunokuchaphazela ukwakheka kunye nokuzinza kwee-precipitates okanye ii-complexes zesinyithi, ezinokuthi zikhuthaze okanye zithintele inkqubo yokukhuhla kuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezithile.

4. Iimpembelelo eziDityanisiweyo zeSodium Cyanide kunye neSodium Chloride kwiLeaching

4.1 Iimpembelelo zeSynergistic okanye ezichasayo

• Iziphumo Zokusebenzisana : Kwezinye iimeko, ukubakho kwe-sodium cyanide kunye ne-sodium chloride kunokuba nefuthe eliluncedo, okanye elihambelanayo, kwinkqubo yokukhuhla. Umzekelo, kwezinye ii-ore zegolide ezichaseneyo, ukongeza isixa esifanelekileyo se-sodium chloride kunokuphucula ukuvuleka kwesakhiwo se-ore, okuvumela ii-ion ze-cyanide ukuba zingene ngokulula kwaye zisabele kunye namasuntswana egolide. Oku kunokukhokelela ekwandeni kwesantya sokukhuhla kwegolide. Ukongeza, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, kwii-ore ezineeminerali zobhedu, ukwenziwa kwee-complexes ze-copper-chloride yi-sodium chloride kunokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide yi-copper, eluncedo ekukhuhleni kwe-cyanide yegolide nesilivere, ebonisa isiphumo sokusebenzisana.

• Iziphumo zokuchasana : Nangona kunjalo, kukwakho neemeko apho i-sodium cyanide kunye ne-sodium chloride zineziphumo ezichaseneyo, okanye ezichaseneyo. Ubuninzi bee-ion ze-chloride bunokukhuphisana nee-ion ze-cyanide kumphezulu wee-particles zegolide nezesilivere, kwaye buphazamise ukulingana kweekhemikhali kwe-cyanide leaching reactions, okubangela ukwehla kokusebenza kwe-leaching. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba ubukho be-sodium chloride bubangela ukwakheka kwee-precipitates ezithile okanye ii-complexes ezigubungela umphezulu wee-particles ze-ore, kunokuthintela ii-ion ze-cyanide ukuba zingadibani neentsimbi ezixabisekileyo, nto leyo enciphisa ngakumbi izinga le-leaching.

4.2 UkuPhuculwa kweNkqubo yokuLeaching Phambi kwabo bobabini

• Ukulungiswa koXinzelelo lweReagent : Xa zombini i-sodium cyanide kunye ne-sodium chloride zikhona, kuyimfuneko ukuphucula uxinzelelo lwazo. Oku kufuna uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lokwakheka kwe-ore. Kwii-ore ezinomxholo ophezulu weesinyithi ezinokusabela kwi-cyanide, ezifana ne-copper, ukonyuka okufanelekileyo koxinzelelo lwe-sodium chloride kunokuthathwa njengokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide. Kwangaxeshanye, uxinzelelo lwe-sodium cyanide kufuneka luhlengahlengiswe ngokwesiphumo sokwenyani soxinzelelo ukuqinisekisa ukuxinzelela kwegolide nesilivere ngokufanelekileyo.

• Ulawulo lweeMeko zeNkqubo : Ukongeza kwiingxinano ze-reagent, ezinye iimeko zenkqubo ezifana ne-pH, ubushushu, kunye nomoya nazo kufuneka zilawulwe ngononophelo. Ixabiso le-pH kufuneka ligcinwe ngaphakathi koluhlu olufanelekileyo ukuqinisekisa uzinzo lwesisombululo se-cyanide kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwempendulo yokukhuhla, kuthathelwa ingqalelo impembelelo ye-sodium cyanide kunye ne-sodium chloride. Ubushushu besisombululo nabo bubalulekile. Nangona kukho ubushushu obufanelekileyo ngokwethiyori bokunyibilika kwegolide kwisisombululo se-cyanide, xa kukho i-sodium chloride, impembelelo yobushushu kwinkqubo yokukhuhla inokutshintsha, kwaye kuyimfuneko ukufumana ubushushu obufanelekileyo ngophando lovavanyo. Umoya owaneleyo ubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukunikezelwa kweoksijini eyaneleyo kwimpendulo yokukhuhla, kwaye ubukho be-sodium chloride bunokuchaphazela ukunyibilika kunye nokusasazwa kweoksijini kwisisombululo, ekufuneka kuqwalaselwe.

5. I-Case Studies kunye neziphumo zoMvavanyo

5.1 I-Case Study 1: Igolide-Intsimbi ekrwada yeSilivere enoMxholo woKhopolo oPhezulu

Kwidiphozithi yegolide-yesilivere ekrwada enomxholo ophezulu wobhedu, ukuvuza kwecyanide yesintu kusetyenziswa kuphela isodium cyanide kukhokelele kumlinganiselo ophantsi wegolide wokuvuza ngenxa yokusetyenziswa okubalulekileyo kwecyanide ngobhedu. Xa i-sodium chloride yongezwa kwisistim se-leaching kwi-concentration ethile kwaye i-concentration ye-sodium cyanide yahlengahlengiswa, izinga legolide le-leaching landa. Uhlalutyo lubonise ukuba ukongezwa kwe-sodium chloride kwakhokelela ekwakhiweni kobhedu - i-chloride complexes, ukunciphisa inani le-cyanide elisetyenziswe ngobhedu kwaye ngaloo ndlela kwandisa ukufumaneka kwe-cyanide ye-leaching yegolide.

5.2 I-Case Study 2: Intsimbi ekrwada yeGolide eRefractory

Kwintsimbi ekrwada yegolide ekhanyelwayo, i-cyanide yokuqala ephumayo ngaphandle kwesodium chloride izuze iqondo eliphantsi legolide lokuvuza. Emva kokongeza i-sodium chloride kwindawo ethile kunye nokwandisa i-cyanide yoxinaniso kunye nezinye iimeko zenkqubo, isantya segolide senyuka. Ukuqwalaselwa kweMicroscopic yamasuntswana e-ore kubonise ukuba ukongezwa kwe-sodium chloride kuphucule ukunyanzeliswa kwesakhiwo se-ore, kuvumela i-ioni ye-cyanide ukuba ifikelele kwiincinci zegolide ngokufanelekileyo, ngaloo ndlela iphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-leaching.

6. Iingqwalasela zokusiNgqongileyo noKhuseleko

6.1 Ubutyhefu beCyanide

I-Cyanide yinto enetyhefu kakhulu. Nakuphi na ukukhutshwa kwecyanide-equlethe izisombululo kokusingqongileyo kunokuba neziphumo ezibi kubomi basemanzini, umgangatho womhlaba, kunye nempilo yabantu. Xa i-sodium chloride idibana kunye ne-sodium cyanide kwinkqubo yokucoca, kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo kunye nokunyangwa kwe-cyanide - equkethe inkunkuma isenziwa ngokungqongqo ngokuhambelana nemimiselo yokusingqongileyo. Ubukho be-sodium chloride bunokuchaphazela ukuziphatha kwe-cyanide kwiinkqubo zokunyanga inkunkuma, njengeendlela ezisetyenziselwa ukutshabalalisa i-cyanide njenge-alkaline chlorination okanye unyango lwe-biological. Ngokomzekelo, ukonyuka kwamandla e-ionic okubangelwa yi-sodium chloride kunokuchaphazela izinga lokuphendula kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwezi ndlela zonyango.

6.2 Ukhuseleko ekuPhatheni

Zombini i-sodium cyanide kunye ne-sodium chloride kufuneka ziphathwe ngononophelo. Isodium cyanide inetyhefu kakhulu kwaye ifuna amanyathelo angqongqo okhuseleko ngexesha lokugcinwa, ukuthutha, kunye nokusetyenziswa. Isodium chloride, nangona ingenabungozi kangako, isenokwenza imingcipheko efana nokuhlwa kwezixhobo kunye neempembelelo ezinokuthi zibe kho kwindawo yokusebenza ukuba ayilawulwa kakuhle. Kwinkqubo yokucoca apho zombini zisetyenziswa, abasebenzi kufuneka baqeqeshelwe ukuphatha le khemikhali ngokukhuselekileyo, kwaye izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokhuseleko kunye neenkqubo zokhuseleko kufuneka zibekho ukuze kuthintelwe iingozi nokuqinisekisa ukuphila kakuhle kwabasebenzi.

7. Isiphelo

Ukuhlalisana kwe-sodium cyanide kunye ne-sodium chloride kwinkqubo ye-leaching kunempembelelo enzima ekutsalweni kweentsimbi ezixabisekileyo. I-sodium chloride inokuchaphazela indawo yeekhemikhali zesisombululo se-leaching, idibanise kunye nezinyithi ezinxulumene nazo, kwaye ibe nemiphumo emibi kunye ne-antagonistic kunye ne-sodium cyanide. Ukuqonda ezi ziphumo kubalulekile ekwandiseni inkqubo yeleaching. Ngokulungelelanisa ukugxininiswa kwe-reagent, ukulawula iimeko zenkqubo, kunye nokuqwalasela izinto ezisingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko, kunokwenzeka ukuphumeza ukutsalwa okusebenzayo kunye nokuzinzileyo kwegolide, isilivere kunye nezinye iintsimbi ezixabisekileyo. Uphando olongezelelweyo kunye nezifundo zovavanyo zisafuneka ukuze kuphononongwe ngokupheleleyo amandla ale nkqubo ikhoyo ngoku ekhoyo phantsi kweentlobo zentsimbi ekrwada ezahlukeneyo kunye neemeko zenkqubo, ejolise ekuphuculeni ngokuqhubekayo iteknoloji yokukhutshwa kweshishini lesinyithi.